Buk anti-aircraft missile system. Air defense systems: self-propelled air defense system "Buk" How much does the Buk anti-aircraft system cost

To date, one of the most effective means of air defense of the operational-tactical and tactical level remains Russian short-range and medium-range air defense systems. We are talking about air defense systems "Tunguska-M1" (rocket-artillery) and "Buk-M2" and its export modification "Buk-M2E" (missile). These complexes are still significantly superior to their foreign analogues in terms of performance characteristics, as well as in terms of cost / effectiveness. Next, we will talk about the Buk-M2E medium-range complex.

The development of this air defense system was fully completed already in 1988, however, due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation in the country, its mass production was not launched. After 15 years, all project documentation for this complex was finalized for a modern element base. Since 2008, the complex has been in service with the Russian army and is supplied to the troops. The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer for this complex, the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at $1 billion. All complexes under this contract have already been delivered.

SAM medium range"Buk-M2E" refers to systems of the 3rd generation (according to NATO codification SA-17 "Grizzly"). Due to the use in this model of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets has increased to 24. The introduction of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, into the air defense complex, ensured an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in combating low flying targets.

The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system OAO "Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant" is acting. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat assets and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - the target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by OAO NIIIP (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multi-purpose medium-range air defense system, which is highly mobile. The anti-aircraft missile system able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in the face of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the SAM is able to deal with a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy sea surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. Also, the complex is able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

The automated control of the conduct of combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using the command post (CP), which receives necessary information about the air situation from a target detection station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is engaged in the transmission of control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SDA) with 4 missiles and the 1st launcher-charging unit (ROM) attached to it, and 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN) can also be included in the battery.

Target detection radar

The shelling of air targets accompanied by the complex is carried out both with the help of single and salvo launches of missiles. The Buk-M2E air defense system uses high-performance anti-aircraft guided missiles with solid propellant rocket engine, which are flexibly adaptable to different types targets with military equipment. The use of these missiles allows you to confidently hit air targets in the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in height. At the same time, missiles are able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km, and a flight range of up to 70 km.

The Buk-M2E air defense system uses the 9M317 SAM. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is supplemented by a bow semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. The warhead of the rocket is rod, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the affected area by fragments is 17 m. Full mass SAM 9M317 is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. Its wing span is 860 mm. The rocket is different high level reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments or checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

The complex uses modern phased antenna arrays (PAR), which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets that can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their ability to carry out effective work on missiles. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such targets with an effective reflected surface (ERP) at a level of up to 0.05 m2 with a probability of hitting at a level of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the hit ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m/s.

Destruction cruise missiles the enemy and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in conditions of complex and rugged wooded area, is provided by the air defense system due to the presence in its composition of a special illumination and guidance radar (OLC), equipped with an antenna post raised to a height of 21 m.

In 2009 and 2010, the complex passed a real test in conditions as close as possible to combat, with the implementation of volumetric, multilateral firing and flight tests, which were carried out at the training grounds of the Russian Ministry of Defense, as well as foreign customers of the complex. The Buk-M2E air defense system is able to operate in the most difficult weather and meteorological conditions.

For him, the air temperature up to + 50 ° C, wind gusts up to 25-27 m / s, increased dust content of the air are not an obstacle. The modern hardware-software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the complex's combat assets to function confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W / MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out both at single and at several targets simultaneously located in the affected area of ​​the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. Tests have become a real test of the limits Russian complex air defense and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.

Radar for target illumination and missile guidance

The placement of combat assets of the Buk-M2E air defense system on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly collapse and deploy the complex, this standard fits into 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex takes no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On the highway, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds up to 65 km / h, on dirt roads - 45 km / h. The cruising range of combat vehicles included in the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system is an all-day air defense system. The main combat weapon of the complex - SOU - operates in the all-day mode through the use of an optoelectronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

The Buk-M2E air defense system is able to operate in a variety of climatic zones, at the request of the customer, the machines are equipped with air conditioners. Combat vehicles of the complex without any restrictions (in terms of distance and speed) can be transported by all modes of transport: rail, water, air.

The performance characteristics of the Buk-M2E complex:
Range of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 45 km;
the minimum is 3 km.
Height of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 25 km;
the minimum is 0.015 km.
The number of tracked targets is 24.
The maximum speed of targets hit is 1100 m/s (approaching), 300-400 m/s (receding).
The probability of hitting a target with one missile:
tactical aircraft/helicopter - 0.9-0.95;
tactical ballistic missile - 0.6-0.7.
The number of missiles - 4 pcs.
The reaction time of the complex is 10 s.
The rate of fire is every 4 s.
Deployment time to combat position - 5 min.

Sources of information:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/buk-m2
http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e
http://en.wikipedia.org

Today we will get acquainted with the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, which is considered one of the best representatives of its class on the world stage. The machine is capable of destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, ships and buildings. Consider also the options for execution and the differences between the modifications.

What is the air defense system (anti-aircraft missile system) "Buk"

The machine in question (Buk military anti-aircraft missile system), according to the GRAU index, is designated as 9K37, and it is known to NATO and the United States specialists as SA-11 Gadfly. Technology is classified as anti-aircraft complex on self-propelled chassis. Missiles are used to destroy targets. The complex is designed to destroy enemy aircraft, as well as other aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, within 30-18000 meters. When creating, it was supposed to effectively deal with maneuvering objects that are capable of providing intense radio countermeasures.

The history of the creation of the Buk air defense system

Work on the creation of the machine began in January 197272, the start was given by government decree Soviet Union. It was assumed that the new car will replace its predecessor, the Cube, at the post. The developer of the system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, which at that time was managed by A.A. Rastov. It is noteworthy that the new car was supposed to be put into operation by the army literally three years after the start of development, which greatly complicated the task for the designers.

To do possible execution work in such a short time, it was divided into two stages:

1. First, a deep modification of the "Cuba" was put into operation - the Kub-M3 air defense system, index 9A38. A machine on a self-propelled chassis with 9M38 missiles was supposed to be introduced into each battery. In the course of the work, a complex was created with the M4 mark in the title, which was put into service in 1978;
2. The second step meant the final commissioning of the complex, which included: a command post, a target detection station in the air, the self-propelled unit itself, as well as a launch-loading system and a missile defense system (anti-aircraft guided missile).

The designers coped with the task, and already in 1977, tests of both machines began. For two years, the capabilities and potential of the systems were evaluated at the Emba training ground, after which the installations began to enter service with the country.

It is worth noting that, in addition to the land variation of the system, an installation for the Navy was also created on a single missile defense system. The caterpillar chassis was created by the machine-building plant in Mytishchi (MMZ), the missiles were developed by the Novator bureau of Sverdlovsk. The target designation / tracking station was designed at NIIIP MRP.

The principle of operation of the Buk missile system

The characteristics of the complex make it possible to effectively deal with various air targets, the speed of which does not exceed 830 m / s, maneuvering with overloads up to 12 units. It was believed that the machine could fight even with ballistic missiles"Lance".

During the development, it was supposed to achieve a twofold increase in the efficiency of the existing air defense systems by increasing the channeling when working with aerodynamic targets. A necessary part of the work was the automation of processes, starting with the detection of a potential enemy and ending with his destruction.

It was supposed to add an innovative installation to each battery of the Kubov-M3 regiment, which, at minimal cost, made it possible to increase the capabilities of the unit at times. The cost of funds for modernization amounted to no more than 30% of the initial investment in the formation, but the number of channels doubled (increased to 10), the number of missiles ready for combat missions increased by a quarter - up to 75.

It is worth noting that, based on the results of testing the systems, it was possible to obtain the following characteristics:

• in autonomous mode, aircraft at a three-kilometer altitude could be detected at 65-77 kilometers;
• low-flying targets (30-100 m) could be detected from 32-41 km;
• helicopters were spotted from 21-35 km;
• in a centralized mode, the reconnaissance / guidance installation did not allow the full potential of the complex to be fully manifested, therefore, aircraft at an altitude of 3-7 km could only be detected at a distance of 44 km;
• under similar conditions, low-flying aircraft were spotted from 21-28 km.

Processing targets by the system offline takes no more than 27 seconds, the probability of hitting a target with one projectile reached 70-93 percent. At the same time, the means under consideration could destroy up to six enemy objects. Moreover, the developed missiles are able to work effectively not only against enemy aircraft and strike weapons, but also against surface and ground targets.

The guidance method is combined: when entering the flight path - an inertial method, an adjustment is made from the command post or the installation itself. At the final stage, immediately before the destruction of the target, a semi-active mode is activated using automation.

The last two options became possible to destroy thanks to the laser rangefinder, which appeared on the military modification M1-2. It is possible to process objects with microwave radiation turned off, which had a positive effect on the survivability of the entire system, its secrecy from the enemy, as well as immunity from interference. The mode of coordinate support introduced in the specified modification is aimed at combating interference.

The effectiveness of the installation is in its high mobility: it takes only 5 minutes to deploy from traveling to combat position. The system moves on specially designed tracked chassis, there are options with a wheelbase. In the first version, the car develops up to 65 km / h on the highway and rough terrain, the supply of fuel tanks allows you to march up to 500 km and still save the necessary volume for work for two hours.

The complex for coordinated work is equipped with the following tools:

• Communication - a channel for uninterrupted reception / transmission of information is formed;
• Orientation / navigation systems, for a minimum period of time, a binding to the terrain is formed;
• Equipment for autonomous power supply of the entire complex;
• Equipment for ensuring protection and life in the conditions of the use of nuclear or chemical weapons.

For combat duty, autonomous power systems are used, if necessary, external sources can be connected. The total duration of work without stopping is a day.

The device of the 9K37 complex

To ensure the operability of the complex, it includes four types of machines. There are attached technical means for which the Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 chassis are used. The bulk of the systems under consideration is based on caterpillar tracks. However, some installation options were equipped with a wheel drive.

The combat means of the complex are as follows:

1. One command post coordinating the actions of the entire group;
2. Target detection station, which not only identifies a potential enemy, but identifies its belonging and transmits the received data to the command post;
3. Self-propelled firing system, which ensures the destruction of the enemy in a certain sector in a stationary position or autonomously. In the course of work, it detects targets, determines the ownership of the threat, its capture and shelling;
4. Launcher-loader capable of launching projectiles, as well as loading additional portable ammunition. Machines of this type enter the formations at the rate of 3 to 2 SDA.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system uses 9M317 missiles, which are classified as anti-aircraft guided missiles. Projectiles ensure the destruction of the enemy with a high probability in a wide range: air targets, surface and ground, subject to the creation of dense interference.

The command post is designated by the index 9S470, it is able to communicate simultaneously with six installations, one target detection system and receive tasks from the higher command.

The 9S18 detection station is a three-coordinate radar operating in the centimeter range. It is capable of detecting a potential enemy for 160 km, the review of space is carried out in a regular or sector mode.

Modifications of the Buk complex

With the modernization of aviation and means of protection against air defense, the complex was modernized to increase efficiency and speed. In parallel improved own funds system protection, allowing to increase survivability in combat conditions. Consider the modifications of the "Buk".

SAM Buk-M1 (9K37M1)

The modernization of the system began almost immediately after being put into service. In 1982, an improved version of the machine with the index 9K37 M1, using the 9M38M1 missile, entered service. The technique differed from the basic performance in the following aspects:

1. Significantly expanded the affected area;
2. It became possible to distinguish between ballistic missiles, aircraft and helicopters;
3. Improved counteraction to enemy missile defense.

ZRK Buk-M1-2 (9K37M1-2)

By 1997, the next modification of the Buk air defense system appeared - the 9K37M1-2 index with a new 9M317 guided missile. Innovations affected almost all aspects of the system, which made it possible to hit Lance-class missiles. The radius of destruction increased to 45 km along the horizon and up to 25 km in height.

ZRK Buk-M2 (9K317)

9K317 is the result of a deep modernization of the base installation, which has become much more efficient in all respects, in particular, the probability of hitting enemy aircraft has reached 80 percent. The collapse of the Union ruled out mass production, but in 2008 the car nevertheless entered the Armed Forces.

ZRK Buk-M3 (9K317M)

A novelty of 2016 - the Buk M3 has received higher characteristics, has been developed since 2007. Now there are 6 missiles on board in closed containers, it works automatically, after launch, the projectile reaches the target on its own, and the probability of hitting the enemy is almost 100 percent, with the exception of a million chance of a miss .

ZRK Buk-M2E (9K317E)

The export version is a modification of the M2 on the chassis of the Minsk AZ.

SAM Buk-MB (9K37MB)

This option is the base developed military industrial complex Soviet Union. It was presented by Belarusian engineers in 2005. Improved radio-electronic equipment, resistance to jamming and ergonomics of calculation workplaces.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Given the scale of modernization and the abundance of modifications, each model has its own performance characteristics. Combat effectiveness clearly demonstrates the probability of hitting various targets:

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1"

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1-2"

Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M2

Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M3

Combat use

Per long history on combat duty in various countries, the Buk missile system managed to fight. However, a number of episodes of its use create a controversial picture regarding its capabilities:

1. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, an L-39 attack aircraft of Abkhazia was destroyed, which led to the death of the commander of the air defense of the state. According to experts, the incident occurred due to incorrect identification of the target by the Russian installation;
2. In the first Chechen war a division of these machines participated, which made it possible to assess their potential in real conditions;
3. The Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 was remembered official recognition the Russian side lost four aircraft: Tu-22M and three Su-25. According to reliable information, all of them became victims of Buk-M1 vehicles used by the Ukrainian division in Georgia;
4. As for the controversial cases, the first one is the destruction of a Boeing 777 in the east of the Donetsk region. In 2014, a civil aviation vehicle was destroyed, according to official data. international commission, complex "Buk". However, opinions differ regarding the ownership of the air defense system. The Ukrainian side claims that the system was controlled by the 53rd Air Defense Brigade of Russia, however, there is no reliable evidence of this. Is it worth believing the accusing party?
5. There is also conflicting information coming from Syria, where a slew of Russian-made air defense systems, including the vehicles in question, were used in 2018. The Russian Ministry of Defense reports 29 Buk-fired missiles, with only five misses. The United States reports that none of the missiles fired hit their targets. Whom to believe?

Despite provocations and disinformation, the Buk complex is a worthy adversary to any modern helicopters/aircraft, which has been proven in practice. The complex is used not only by Russia, but also as part of combat units in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Syria, Ukraine.

The place of the operator of the air defense system "Buk"

The place of the operator of the air defense system "Buk"

The multifunctional highly mobile medium-range air defense missile system (SAM) "Buk-M1-2" (the latest upgrade of the Buk air defense system) is designed to destroy modern and advanced strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other airborne aerodynamic objects in the entire range of their practical application in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as to combat tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type, anti-radar missiles of the Kharm type, other elements of high-precision air and ground-based weapons in flight and destroy surface and ground radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) with the massive use of air attack weapons, and also be a tactical missile defense module.

The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance area and semi-active homing in the final guidance area.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat equipment, technical support equipment and training equipment.

Combat assets include:

Command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;

Target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;

Up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;

Up to six launchers (ROM) 9A39M1;

Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.

Part technical means security includes:

Maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with trailer ZIP 9T456;

Maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;

Machines (workshops) for repair and maintenance (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;

Transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (CTO) 9T3184;

Automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;

Machine (workshop) for the repair of missiles 9T458;

Unified compressor station UKS-400V;

Mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.

Training aids include:

Training missile 9M317UD;

Training missile 9M317UR.

All combat assets of the complex are assembled on cross-country tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power supply units, personnel protection and life support systems, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy in combat operations.

Command post 9S470M1-2 is designed for automated control via telecode (radio or wired) communication channels for combat operations of the air defense system and works in conjunction with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six SOU 9A310M1-2 and provides mutual work with the superior command post for automated control of combat operations of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.

The CP equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display facilities, operational-command communications and data transmission, and other auxiliary systems, makes it possible to optimize the ADMC control process, automatically assign operating modes, process up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve the tasks of target allocation and target designation, provide integrated modes of paired operation of the SOU ("Regulation of radiation", "Alien illumination", "Triangulation", "Coordinate support", "Launcher"), which are used in conditions of use by the enemy of anti-radar missiles of strong radio countermeasures and in the event of failure of the radar of one of the SDAs, as well as to document the processes of combat work, monitor the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulate the air situation for conducting training of the calculation of the command post.

SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the command post 9S470M1-2 of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other command posts of the air defense forces.

SOC is a three-coordinate centimeter-wave radar built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic beam scanning of the radiation pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.

The SOC has two options for viewing space:

- "regular" - in the anti-aircraft defense mode;

- "sector" - in the anti-missile defense mode.

The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. According to its functional purpose, it is radar station detection, tracking of a target, illumination of a target and a missile with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.

The SOU provides the solution of the following tasks:

Reception of target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;

Detection, identification of nationality, capture and tracking of a target, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;

Determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;

Guidance of the launcher in the direction of the predicted meeting point of the missile with the target;

Issuance of target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;

Rocket launch;

Development of radio correction commands and their transmission to flying missiles;

Transfer to the ROM 9A39M1 of the signals necessary for pointing the ROM launcher in the direction of the predicted point, pointing the radar homing missile at the target and launching it;

Transfer to the command post of information about the tracked target and the process of combat work;

Combat crew training.

The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system when targeting with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. At the same time, missiles can be launched both directly from the SOU and from the ROM launcher.

When operating as part of an air defense system, when controlled from the command post, the SOU can be used as a launcher, in firing mode with "alien illumination" and take part in solving the problem of coordinate support by the complex.

Launcher 9A39M1 is designed for:

Transportation and storage of missiles, while four missiles are on the guides of the launcher and are ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles are on transport supports;

Loading the SDA and self-loading with missiles located on the transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground lodgements or containers;

Monitoring the health of the ROM and missiles, both on command from the SDA, and autonomously;

Pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to the SDA.

To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power servo drive and launch automation equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog Calculating machine, lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.

The 9M317 SAMs are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of high-precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with a trapezoidal low elongation wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid-propellant jet engine.

The missile is guided to the target in a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.

To improve the accuracy of pointing to initial stage Pseudo-inertial control is organized along the line of radio correction - the flight task in the on-board computer of the missile defense system is corrected depending on the change in the characteristics of the movement of the fired target by radio commands transmitted in the signals of the target and missile illumination.

The rocket is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal use and combat use missiles are provided at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.

The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (ozrp) or anti-aircraft missile division (zrdn).

The OZRP (zrdn) includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two PZU 9A39M1 each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.

A separate zrp is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile brigade is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 srdn, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).

An anti-aircraft missile battalion (regiment) armed with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing at up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, a division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides cover for an area of ​​about 800 - 1200 km2.

At the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade, the Polyana-D4M1 automation system is used.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant as part of the 9A38 SOU and the 9M38 SAM was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the SV in 1978.

In full configuration, the Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code Buk M1 air defense system - in 1983, Buk-M1-2 air defense system - in 1998.

The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the CIS countries and have been delivered to a number of far-abroad countries.

In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, the Russian industry has the ability to:

Supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar tracks of the complex’s combat equipment, which ensure the movement of the air defense system on asphalt roads;

Set up an objective control system (SOK) for the operation of air defense systems by registering, storing, storing and reproducing SOU-ZUR-PZU exchange information.

Main characteristics:

Military SAM "Buk" (9K37) was intended to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles ".

The development was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, in terms of the main composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of an air defense system was determined M-22 "Hurricane" for Navy using a single missile system with the Buk complex.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was determined by the Scientific Research Institute of Instrumentation (NIIP) of the Scientific Design Association (NPO) Fazotron ( CEO VC. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). A.A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole, G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran) of the command post (CP) 9S470, V.V. semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Launcher-charging installations (ROM) 9A39 were created in the Machine-Building Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" MAP (former SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. missile development 9M38 instructed the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8), headed by L.V. Lyulyev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a missile defense system for the Kub complex. Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of the chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).

The completion of the development of the means of the complex was envisaged in the II quarter. 1975

SAM "Buk-1" (9K37-1)

However, for the speedy strengthening of the air defense of the main strike force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions- with building up the combat capabilities of the Kub anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channel for targets (and ensuring, if possible, complete autonomy of these channels in the process of working from detection to hitting a target). By a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 22, 1974, it was ordered to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. Initially, it was proposed to develop at an accelerated pace the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 air defense system (9K37-1), ensuring its access to joint tests in September 1974, while maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and terms of work on the Buk complex "in full order.

For the Buk-1 air defense system, each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment was provided, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, to have one self-propelled firing unit 9A38 from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system, consisting of self-propelled unit reconnaissance and guidance 1S91M3, self-propelled firing system 9A38, self-propelled launchers 2P25M3, ZUR 3M9M2 and 9M38, as well as maintenance vehicles (MTO) 9V881, passed state tests at the Emba test site (head of the test site B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, which produces target designation, the detection range of aircraft was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to launch of missiles) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.

When firing the 9M38 SAM, the defeat of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a distance of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area in height ranged from 30 m to 14 km, in terms of heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only supplemented the means of the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).

The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the air defense forces of the SV made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions ground forces Soviet army.