The history of the emergence of communist parties. Appendix to "my brief course in the falsification of history What is an international

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Description of the presentation International associations of parties Lecture questions on slides

International associations of parties Historical internationals. 1864 in London I International 1872 Anarchist International 1889 in Paris II International 1919 In Moscow of the III International The Bern International was founded in 1919 by the leaders of the II International, which collapsed in 1914. 1938 in Paris IV International. (Trotskyist) Modern Internationals. Socialist International. Liberal International Christian Democratic International Conservative International.

historical internationals. Already in 1864, the International Association of Workers, the First International, was formed in London. At that time there were no modern socialist parties. Therefore, the International saw its main tasks, in addition to uniting socialist forces and propagating socialist ideas, in helping the nascent socialist parties, in creating an exemplary program and charter for new political parties. Organizationally, the International did not include primary organizations or committees, but national sections (which could include representatives of socialist groups, movements, trade unions, proto-parties), whose members were engaged in ideological and organizational activities to create socialist parties in their countries.

historical internationals. Sections united into regional and national federations, led by councils. The central organ of the International was the General Council and its congress. Despite the fact that the socialist-internationalists considered their organization as a family of political forces kindred in spirit, already at the third congress (Brussels, 1868) they were divided into groups of Marxists, Proudhonists and Bakuninists, between which an irreconcilable polemic began. The Bakunists soon left the First International and created their own Anarchist International (1872), otherwise known as the Alliance. The activities of the I International ceased after 1870, in connection with the Franco-Prussian war. Formally, it was dissolved in 1876.

The results of the First International: the creation of the Founding Manifesto of the International Workingmen's Association, the exemplary program of the socialist party.

historical internationals. 1870 - 1880 were marked by a rapid increase in the number of socialist parties. To coordinate their work, the leaders of the socialist movement in European countries decided to organize an international coordinating body. In 1889, two founding congresses met in Paris at once. The Possibilist Congress represented the British Labor and Social Democrats, as well as the American Socialists, members of the Knights of Labor. The Marxist Congress represented the German and Austrian Social Democrats, the Socialists of France, Belgium and Holland. It was at the last congress that the Second International was created. In 1891, the Possibilist Congress also joined the Second International. The main tasks of the new International were the struggle against anarchism and against militarism. However, the voting of socialist factions in national parliaments for military credits before World War I led to the collapse of the Second International (1914).

historical internationals. The third or communist international existed in 1919-1943. The first congress of the III International was held in Moscow in March 1919. Representatives of 13 communist parties and 22 communist party groups. The congress confirmed the course of all communist parties towards the revolutionary conquest of power and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. At this congress, the charter of the Communist International and the so-called "Principles for the Construction of the Third International and Communist Parties" were adopted - a kind of exemplary program of the Communist Party. The second congress of the Comintern (1920) was attended by representatives of 27 communist parties and 40 communist organizations. At subsequent congresses, the number of Communist parties and groups represented steadily increased. The congresses of the Comintern paid serious attention not only to the creation of communist parties in all countries of the world, but also to strengthening their influence through the creation of para-party youth, women's, sports and other organizations, through the work of communists in trade unions, in social movements and public organizations, in the countryside, on production. In the international arena, the Comintern called on the communist parties to support international social movements and to develop the national liberation movement of the peoples of the colonial countries. The Communist International was dissolved in 1943 at the insistent request of the leaders of the United States and Great Britain, who, not without reason, considered the communist parties in their countries to be agents of influence of the USSR and world communism.

historical internationals. The Berne International was founded in 1919 by the leaders of the Second International, which collapsed in 1914. The vast majority of the socialist parties in Europe did not recognize the legitimacy of the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks and the government they created, they reacted negatively to the ban on "bourgeois" parties and, especially, to the persecution of Russian socialists. Therefore, the leadership of the Berne International pursued a course of opposition to the Communist International. At the same time, not all socialist parties shared this unambiguously anti-communist and right-wing socialist course. In February 1921, the more left-wing socialist parties withdrew from the Berne International and formed an association of socialist parties of a centrist persuasion, called the II ½ International. In May 1923, the Bernese and II ½ Internationals merged. The new association of socialist parties became known as the Socialist Workers' International.

After Trotsky was expelled from the USSR (1938), he created the Fourth International. It was founded in 1938 in Paris and united not so much parties as Trotskyist groups. historical internationals.

In our time, all the considered international associations of parties have ceased to exist, except for the Trotskyist and Bakuninist ones, which, we recall, do not unite parties, but groups. The defunct or historical internationals, as well as the existing ones, have played and are playing an important role in expanding the influence of parties in their countries and increasing their international prestige. A more complete picture of their activities can be obtained by examining the functions of international associations of parties. Conclusions:

AT summary they can be formulated as follows: 1. development of cooperation between related parties different countries; 2. assistance in the creation and formation of parties; 3. coordination of their activities; 4. development of socialist and communist theory, creation of new concepts, clarification of old principles, criticism of ideological opponents; 5. creation of exemplary documents (programs, charter, declarations, manifestos, etc.); 6. development of party theory and party ideology; 7. assistance in expanding the influence of parties that are members of the international in their countries; 8. Promoting the growth of the international prestige of the parties of the International. Conclusions:

modern internationals. After the war, the socialist, social democratic and workers' parties carried on negotiations and preparatory work for a long time to create a new association of socialist parties. For this purpose, a special center was established in London - COMISCO (1947). Finally, in 1951, at a congress in Frankfurt am Main (Germany), the Socialist International was established. The Frankfurt Declaration of the Congress formulated the aims and tasks of the Socialist International and the socialist parties of its constituents. The main goal is to build a society of democratic socialism, which is the third way between capitalism and communism. The concept of democratic socialism consists of four parts:

modern internationals. 1. political democracy as a form of power, a form of the state, which should be of a supra-class nature and serve to reconcile the contradictions of various groups and individuals. The state is the main instrument of reformist policy on the road to socialism. The demands of political democracy include a guaranteed right to privacy protected from arbitrary state interference, freedom of thought, organization, religion, the right to general elections, the cultural autonomy of national minorities, the independence of the judiciary and the right to opposition; 2. economic democracy. The main economic goal of the socialist parties is the full employment of the working people, raising labor productivity, living standards, social security and a fair distribution of income and property. Socialists want to put the public interest above private profit, but they are not going to abolish it completely. They allow planning, but do not consider it necessary to socialize all private property, which is necessary, for example, in agriculture, handicrafts and production, retail, mid-level industry. The democratization of the economy consists, according to the Social Democrats, in the state regulation of economic processes, prices, employment, working conditions, and so on. , as well as the complicity of workers and employees in the management of production, the determination of technical and financial policies;

modern internationals. 3. social democracy, the main values of which are freedom, justice, solidarity. Freedom for social democrats means the addition of liberal rights and freedoms with social requirements: material (high standard of living and social security), economic (private entrepreneurial economy, adjusted by state regulation) and democratic (redistribution of power through participation) freedom. Justice originates from the second part of the slogan of the Great French Revolution "Liberty, equality, fraternity". It means the equality of all before the law and the creation of equal conditions for free and individual development. Equality ceases to be justice when it begins to threaten freedom. Solidarity, according to the Social Democrats, follows from the slogan of the Great French Revolution about brotherhood. It is necessary for modern society to unite it in the movement towards democratic socialism; 4. international democracy springs from the internationalism of modern social democracy, from the international character of the socialist movement. Democratic socialism, asserts the Frankfurt Declaration, cannot be built within a nationally limited framework, it can only be the result of the cooperation of all peoples, the struggle for peace, collective security. It is very important to organize assistance to the most backward regions of the planet and redistribute the world's wealth more fairly.

modern internationals. For a long time, international associations of parties were considered the prerogative of the socialist movement. But after the Second World War, the leadership of other parties realized their importance in increasing the influence and authority of the parties. In 1947, representatives of the 19 founding liberal parties, who gathered at a congress in Oxford (Great Britain), adopted the Liberal Manifesto, which called for the unification and creation of an international association of liberal parties. The Liberal Manifesto included provisions on ensuring international security, on developing integration processes, on maintaining market mechanisms and free competition in the economy with the minimum necessary role of the state, on ensuring free trade and carrying out social reforms. Today, the Liberal International is an impressive international force and a pillar of national liberal parties, the most influential of which are: -The Democratic Party of the USA; -Liberal Democratic Party of Japan; -Free Democratic Party of Germany; -Liberal Democratic Party of Great Britain, etc.

modern internationals. In 1961, the World Union of Christian Democrats was created, which in 1982 was renamed the Christian Democratic International (CDI). It was no longer an alliance of separate groups, but an association of Christian Democratic parties that existed not only in Europe, but also in Latin America, Asia and Africa. The First Intercontinental Conference of Christian Democratic Parties in Paris in 1956 was attended by 33 delegations from 28 countries. In 1965, the European Union of Christian Democrats (ESCD) was formed to promote closer cooperation among European demo-Christians and to promote European integration. If the social-democratic current of political thought was based on the labor movement, then the Christian-democratic theory arose from the movement of Christian democracy. Since the beginning of its existence, the theorists of this trend have been busy searching for values that unite Christianity and democracy.

modern internationals. The theory of Christian democracy, like the theory of social democracy, proceeds from the principle of the "third way", that is, the development of society neither in the capitalist nor in the communist, but in the Christian democratic direction. The main values of such a society in the economic sphere should be: the priority of morality over profit; priority of need over production; priority of labor over capital; replacement of wages by participation in profits; mixed economy.

modern internationals. In the political sphere, according to the theorists of Christian democracy, it is necessary to realize the following values: -instrumental, and not the total role of the state; -participatory democracy, not representative democracy; - decentralization, not centralization of the state; -separation of powers, the fight against totalitarianism and dictatorship; -freedom of information, freedom of activities of parties and unions.

modern internationals. Main social values Christian Democrats believe: the priority of the individual over society and the state; respect for the family as a natural community of people; the ever-growing role of culture and education, spiritual, intellectual moral self-improvement; social justice and human rights, including social ones; enhancing the role of civil society, including public organizations, social movements, trade unions, political parties; fight for peace. Currently, the Christian Democratic International unites 54 parties from countries located on all continents. It is joined by the International Union of Christian Democratic Youth (founded in 1962) and the World Union of Christian Democratic Women (1978).

modern internationals. The most influential parties of the Christian Democratic International are: the Christian Democratic Union (CDU, Germany), with 636 thousand members, which, together with the Christian Social Union (CSU, 180 thousand members), enjoys the support of 35 - 45% of voters Germany; the Italian People's Party (INP), the legal successor of the Christian Democratic Party, which today is going through difficult times, and in 1995 split with the formation of a new party - the United Christian Democrats (UCD); the Social Christian Party of Belgium (SHP), which split in 1969 into the Christian People's Party (Flemish, 190,000 members) and the Social Christian Party (francophones, 40,000 members); Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA, Netherlands); Christian Democratic Party of Switzerland (HDPSh, 80,000 members); Christian Democratic Party of Chile; Social Christian Party of Venezuela. These parties have significant numbers, millions and tens of millions of people vote for them, they won elections and formed governments.

modern internationals. conservative international. In 1978, in Salzburg (Austria), the center-right leaders of the conservative and Christian Democratic parties in Europe decided to create an international association of conservative parties - the European Democratic Union. At the same time, a coordinating committee was created, the seat of which was chosen in Vienna. The tasks of the committee, in addition to coordinating the activities of the conservatives of Europe, included holding annual meetings of representatives of the conservative European parties. In 1983, at an international meeting in London, which was attended by leaders and representatives of the parties of the center and the right center from 20 countries of the world (including the USA, Australia and other countries), the International Democratic Union was created on the basis of the European Democratic Union, which included the European and Pacific Democratic unions. London has been chosen as the headquarters of the International Union. It was decided to hold conferences every two years at the level of the heads of the parties that are members of the union.

modern internationals. This union, code-named Conservative International, set itself the following tasks: cooperation between non-socialist parties in industrial countries on security issues; defending democracy around the world; promotion of economic cooperation of countries whose parties are represented in the international. The main goal that the Conservative International is called upon to serve is the reconciliation of social classes and peoples, the formation of a society different from American capitalism and Soviet socialism. Other goals of the union were borrowed from the programs of its constituent parties: the social use of property; taking action against cartels, for the socialization of the industry; introduction of democratic planning; participation of workers in profits and joint management of production with the owners; implementation of the principle of democratic pluralism; reforming on the principle of "revolution through law"; observance of rights and freedoms.

modern internationals. The International and European Democratic Union consider the political integration of Europe as a step towards world union. Membership in the Conservative International does not exclude membership in other international associations of parties. Therefore, many Christian Democratic parties are members of two associations at once. The most authoritative parties in the world in the Conservative International are: the Republican Party of the USA; Liberal Democratic Party of Japan; Christian Democratic and Christian Social Union of Germany; Conservative Party of Great Britain; Association in support of the Republic (France); conservative, popular, Christian-democratic parties of Austria, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway, and other countries. More than 150 million voters cast their votes for the parties represented in the Conservative International, twice as many as for the parties of the Socialist International. Given the influence of international associations of parties on voters and global public opinion, at the initiative of the UN in 1985, a meeting of the leadership of all four internationals was held, at which the issues of maintaining peace and international security, the demographic problems of the Earth were raised. The very fact of such a meeting was of great political significance. It can be considered as one of the first steps in the formation of a world parliament, consisting of the most influential political forces, as the beginning of the formation of world political parties.

modern internationals. The International and European Democratic Union consider the political integration of Europe as a step towards world union. Membership in the Conservative International does not exclude membership in other international associations of parties. Therefore, many Christian Democratic parties are members of two associations at once. The most authoritative parties in the world in the Conservative International are: - Republican Party of the USA; -Liberal Democratic Party of Japan; -Christian Democratic and Christian Social Union of Germany; -Conservative Party Great Britain; -Association in support of the Republic (France); -conservative, popular, Christian-democratic parties of Austria, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway, and other countries. More than 150 million voters cast their votes for the parties represented in the Conservative International, twice as many as for the parties of the Socialist International. Taking into account the influence of international associations of parties on voters and world public opinion, at the initiative of the UN in 1985 a meeting of the leaders of all four internationals was held, at which issues of maintaining peace and international security, the demographic problems of the Earth were raised. The very fact of such a meeting was of great political significance. It can be considered as one of the first steps in the formation of a world parliament, consisting of the most influential political forces, as the beginning of the formation of world political parties.

Structure of the European Parliament The Parliament of the European Union consists of one chamber and is elected by the population of the EU countries every 5 years. In most countries, elections are held according to the proportional system. Only in the UK - by majoritarian with single-member constituencies, and in Northern Ireland and Ireland - by mixed.

Until 1979, the European Parliament was formed from representatives of the parliaments of the EU member states. Currently, each EU state, taking into account the population, has a quota of seats in the European Parliament. Large countries (Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy) - 81 mandates, medium (Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Spain) - from 24 to 60 mandates, small - from 6 to 15. Total seats - 751,751. Structure of the European Parliament

The first composition of the European Parliament was formed in 1957. The following factions were formed in it: conservatives, uniting European center-right: French Gaullists, West German and Italian demochristians (CDU and CDA) representatives of popular, Christian-democratic, social-Christian, Catholic parties; socialists (French Socialist Party (FSP), SPD, Italian Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE); liberals, which included representatives of centrist and liberal parties.

Party system of the European Union 2009 -

Party system of the European Union EPP factions (264) S&D (185) ALDE (85) ECR (56) Greens-ESA (58) EOL/LZS (34) EJU (27) Independents (29)

European People's Party The European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and the European Democrats are the largest faction in the European Parliament. Included since 1989 the European People's Party and the European Democrats. Short name EPP-ED. After the elections to the European Parliament in 2009, the European People's Party returned to its own faction, and the European Democrats created a new one, called the Movement for European Reforms.

Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) is a social democratic faction of the European Parliament. The faction has existed under various names since the creation of the European Parliament in 1953 and until the 1999 elections was the largest in parliament. This faction ranks second in terms of the number of members of the European Parliament, and was founded under this name on June 23, 2009.

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (FR. Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe, abbr. ADLE) is a transnational alliance of two European parties, the European Party of Liberal Democrats and Reformers and the European Democratic Party. With 85 members of the European Parliament, the alliance is in third place in terms of the number of representatives. The Alliance also has a group of representatives in the EU Committee of the Regions, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly.

European Conservatives and Reformists The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) are a conservative faction of Eurosceptic anti-federalists in the European Parliament. and the CE Council of Local Self-Government. faction on this moment consists of 54 members of parliament, being the fifth largest. Created in 2009 following the results of the European elections by members of the Movement for European Reforms on the basis of the European party Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists.

The Greens - European Free Alliance The Greens - European Free Alliance (English The Greens–European Free Alliance, abbr. English Greens - EFA; French Les Verts - Alliance libre européenne; German Die Grünen - Freie Europäische Allianz) - one of the factions European Parliament. As a faction, the Greens-ECA had the largest gain of any faction in the 2009 elections. The faction consists of two European parties: the European Green Party and the European Free Alliance (ECA). The latter represents the interests of national minorities.

Literature: Lantsov S. A. Ideology and politics of social democracy. Tutorial. SPb. , 1994, p. 33-35. From Geneva to Stockholm: Materials of the congresses of the Socialist International” M., 1992. Part II. pp. 127-128. Amplieva A. A. Christian Democratic Movement in Western Europe and Russia. M., 2002, p. 17-34. Papini R. Christian Democracy International. SPb. , 1992, p. 17-131. Seleznev L. I. Political systems modernity: a comparative analysis. SPb. ,

348. 348. Please give the name of the economic policy of the Soviet state in the conditions of the civil war (gg.) MILITARY COMMUNISM

349. 349. Please state the name of the Chairman of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense of the Soviet State in years. LENIN

350. 350. Give, please, the name of the main means of providing the army and the urban population with food under the conditions of war communism. SURVEY

351. 351. Under what name did the peace treaty of Soviet Russia with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, which ensured her way out of the First World War, go down in history? Please provide this title. BREST WORLD

352. 352. Please name the year of adoption of the first Soviet constitution (Basic Law of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic). 1918

353. 353. Please name the date (month and year) when the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. MARCH 1918

3) neutrality;

4) support for the Russian Orthodox Church and the prohibition of other confessions;

5) cooperation and use of the authority of churches in the interests of the state?

From the alternatives offered to you, please select the correct answer and indicate its number.

406. 406. The Second World War began on September 1, 1939. A week before the start of the war, an interstate treaty was signed in Moscow, characterized by the Pravda newspaper (08/24/1939) as an "instrument of peace" and a "peace act", which will undoubtedly contribute to "easing tension in the international situation ...".
Please name the country with which the Soviet leadership concluded this agreement. GERMANY

407. 407. Please name the countries that fell into the "sphere of interest" of the Stalinist leadership of the USSR in August 1939. LATVIA POLAND FINLAND ESTONIA

438. 438. Please name the year when the term "cold war" came into use. 1946

439. 439. Please name the year and month of the transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR into the Council of Ministers of the USSR. MARCH 1946

440. 440. Please name one of the leaders of the CPSU(b), who in the years was the organizer of a number of large-scale ideological campaigns that led to the liquidation of several promising scientific areas, the ban on publishing literary works, staging performances, making films, performing symphony and opera music, etc. to writers, composers, theatrical figures and film directors, artists who caused displeasure of the “leader of all times and peoples” and his inner circle. ZHDANOV

441. 441. The post-war years in the USSR are characterized by administrative diktat in science. Applied and theoretical science in sectors not related to the country's defense was seriously affected.

Please name two scientific directions that were declared "bourgeois pseudoscience" and banned. GENETICS, CYBERNETICS

443. 443. Please name the year and month when the card system introduced during the war was abolished in the USSR and the monetary reform was carried out. DEC 1947

444. 444. Shortly after the end of the Second World War, the United States offered its assistance to European countries in reconstruction.
What was the name of this American plan? Name it. MARSHAL'S PLAN

445. 445. Please name a country that, after the end of the Second World War, chose a socialist orientation for itself, but since 1948 pursued an independent domestic and foreign policy, ignoring the Soviet model of development, thus throwing down an open challenge to Stalin. YUGOSLAVIA

446. 446. In December 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted a document proclaiming individual rights, civil and political rights and freedoms (equality of all before the law, the right of everyone to liberty and security of person, freedom of conscience, etc.), as well as socio-economic rights (to work, social security, rest, etc.).
Please provide the full title of this document. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

447. 447. Please name the month and year of the creation of the military-political North Atlantic bloc. APRIL 1949

448. 448. Please name the term that determined the nature of the relationship between the Western powers and the USSR after the end of the Second World War. COLD WAR

449. 449. On October 1, 1949, the founding of the People's Republic of China was solemnly proclaimed in Beijing.
Please name the leader of the Chinese Communists who proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China and became chairman of the Central people's government China. MAO ZEDONG

450. 450. Please name the year in which the United States of America lost its monopoly on nuclear weapon. 1949

451. 451. Please name the scientist who carried out the technical management of the Soviet project for the creation atomic bomb. KURCHATOV

452. 452. Of the following European states, please select the countries that entered the orbit of the political influence of the Soviet Union and chose a socialist orientation for themselves by the end of the 40s:
01. Austria 02. Albania 03. Belgium
04. Bulgaria 05. Vatican City 06. UK
07. Hungary 08. German Democratic Republic
09. Greece 10. Denmark 11. Ireland
12. Iceland 13. Spain 14. Italy
15. Luxembourg 16. Netherlands 17. Norway
18. Poland 19. Portugal 20. Romania
21. Federal Republic of Germany 22. Finland
23. France 24. Czechoslovakia 25. Switzerland
26. Sweden 27. Yugoslavia
Please indicate the numbers of the correct, in your opinion, answers.

453. 453. Please provide the name of the most important permanent organ of the United Nations, which, under the UN Charter, is entrusted with "primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security." SECURITY COUNCIL

454. 454. Please state the name of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, who was appointed to this position after his death in 1953. MALENKOV

455. 455. Among the radical measures taken by the post-Stalin leadership of the Soviet Union in order to solve the grain problem and put the country's economy on a more realistic basis, one should certainly note the decision to develop virgin and fallow lands.
Please tell me what year this resolution was adopted. 1954

456. 456. Please name the name of an outstanding commander who served during the Great Patriotic War post of Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Soviet state. ZHUKOV

457. 457. From the government positions listed below, please select the one you held in the post-war period:

1) 1) Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR;

2) 2) Minister of Defense of the USSR;

3) 3) Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR;

4) 4) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Give the number of the correct answer.

458. 458. Please remember and name the year of the creation of the military-political defensive alliance of European socialist states - the Warsaw Pact Organization. 1955

459. 459. Please name the year in which the decision was made to dissolve the Cominformburo. 1956

460. 460. In February 1956, at a closed session of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the first secretary of the Central Committee, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, delivered a report that became one of the most significant political events in the history of our country.
What problem was Yev's report devoted to? Name it, please, in the wording of official Party documents. CULT OF PERSONALITY

461. 461. In the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences", adopted a few months after Yev's report at the XX Party Congress, from the standpoint of that time, an analysis was given of both concrete historical conditions and subjective factors associated with personal qualities one of the leaders of the Soviet state, who contributed to the creation of the cult of his personality.
Please name the politician mentioned in Yev's report and the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU. STALIN

462. 462. The process of de-Stalinization carried out by Yov after the 20th Congress of the CPSU caused serious resistance from the politicians of the Stalinist generation - members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
Please name the names of these politicians. MALENKOV, MOLOTOV, BERIA

463. 463. In 1957, an administrative and managerial reform began in the USSR, during which the sectoral ministries were abolished.
Please give the names of the industry management bodies that have replaced the ministries. Sovnarkhozes

464. 464. The launch of artificial Earth satellites, which ushered in the era of outer space exploration, was a true triumph of domestic science.
Please name the year and month of the launch of the first satellite into Earth orbit. OCT 1957

465. 465. Please name the name and surname of the first cosmonaut in the history of mankind. YURI GAGARIN

466. 466. High level theoretical work and the success of aviation technology allowed Soviet scientists and designers to start creating high-altitude ultra-long-range ballistic missiles and guided missiles.
Please name the name of the scientist who was in charge of the development of rocket technology and various spacecraft in the Soviet Union. QUEEN

467. 467. Remember and name the year and month of the historical flight into space. APRIL 1961

468. 468. Name, please, a Latin American country to which in the early 60s the Soviet leadership began to provide assistance, including military assistance. CUBA

469. 469. Give, please, the name of the international crisis caused by the deployment of Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba. CARIBBEAN

470. 470. Please name the year in which there was a dramatic conflict between the USSR and the USA, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. 1962

471. 471. At the beginning of June 1962, spontaneous rallies and demonstrations of workers began in one of the cities of Russia, protesting against the increase in food prices. During the operation to "restore order" with the participation of the troops of the North Caucasus Military District, 23 people were killed, about 40 people were injured. Mass arrests were made. During the trial of the participants in these events, 14 of them were recognized as the organizers of the riots; 7 people were sentenced to death, the rest to imprisonment for a term of 10 to 15 years.

Please name the city where these tragic events took place. NOVOCHERKASSK

472. 472. Try to remember and name the story published in November 1962 in the journal Novy Mir. This publication meant the end of the "thaw" as a system of views, or rather myths, about socialism and communism as a real value. From that moment on, the disintegration of the Soviet paradigm in ideology (and, above all, in literature) proceeded with increasing speed and with ever greater depth. ONE

473. 473. Which, in your opinion, of the following events occurred during the period that in our minds is associated with the personality of Yev, years:
1) The entry of Soviet troops into Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there;
2) The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there;
3) The entry of Soviet troops into Hungary and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there;
4) The entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there?
Please indicate the number of the correct answer.

From 3 to 8 September 1866, the 1st Congress of the First International was held in Geneva, which was attended by 60 delegates representing 25 sections and 11 workers' societies of Great Britain, France, Switzerland and Germany. During the meetings, it was decided that the trade unions should organize economic and political struggle the proletariat against the system of wage labor and the power of capital. Among other decisions taken are an 8-hour working day, the protection of women and the prohibition of child labor, free polytechnic education, the introduction of workers' militias instead of standing armies.

What is an international?

The International is an international organization uniting socialist, social democratic, and some other parties in many countries. It represents the interests of the working people and is called upon to fight against the exploitation of the working class by big capital.

How many internationals were there?

1st international emerged on September 28, 1864 in London as the first mass international organization of the working class. It united cells from 13 European countries and the USA. The union united not only the workers, but also many petty-bourgeois revolutionaries. The organization lasted until 1876. In 1850 there was a split in the leadership of the union. The German organization called for an immediate revolution, but it was not possible to organize it out of the blue. This caused a split in the Central Committee of the union and led to the fact that repressions fell upon the scattered cells of the union.

Unofficial symbol of the III International (1920) Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

2nd international An international association of socialist workers' parties, founded in 1889. Members of the organization made decisions about the impossibility of an alliance with the bourgeoisie, the inadmissibility of joining bourgeois governments, held protests against militarism and war, etc. Friedrich Engels played an important role in the activities of the International until his death in 1895. During the First World War, the radical elements that were part of the association held a conference in Switzerland in 1915, laying the foundation for the Zimmerwald Association, on the basis of which the Third International (Comintern) arose.

2½ international- the international workers' association of socialist parties (also known as the "Two-Half International" or the Vienna International). It was founded on February 22-27, 1921 in Vienna (Austria) at the conference of socialists of Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Spain, Poland, Romania, USA, France, Switzerland and other countries. The 2½ International sought to reunite all three existing internationals in order to ensure the unity of the international labor movement. In May 1923, a single Socialist Workers' International was formed in Hamburg, but the Romanian section refused to join the new association.

3rd International (Comintern)- an international organization that united the communist parties of various countries in 1919-1943. The Comintern was founded on March 4, 1919 on the initiative of the RCP(b) and its leader V. I. Lenin to develop and spread the ideas of revolutionary international socialism, as opposed to the socialism of the Second International, the final break with which was caused by the difference in positions regarding the First World War and the October revolution in Russia. The Comintern was dissolved on May 15, 1943. Joseph Stalin explained such a decision that the USSR no longer makes plans to establish pro-Soviet, communist regimes on the territory of European countries. In addition, by the early 1940s, the Nazis had destroyed almost all the cells of the Comintern in continental Europe.

In September 1947, Stalin brought together the socialist parties and created the Cominform, the Communist Information Bureau, as a replacement for the Comintern. Cominform ceased to exist in 1956 shortly after the 20th Congress of the CPSU.

4th international- a communist international organization whose task was to carry out the world revolution and build socialism. The International was founded in France in 1938 by Trotsky and his supporters, who believed that the Comintern was under the complete control of the Stalinists and was incapable of leading the international working class to their conquest of political power. The Trotskyist movement is represented in the world today by several political internationals. The most influential of them are:

- Reunited Fourth International
— International Socialist Tendency
- Committee for a Workers' International (CWI)
– International Marxist Tendency (IMT)
— International Committee of the Fourth International.

POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

AP Galkin

When analyzing the actions of the subjects of international relations, the activities of political parties are mentioned very rarely, assigning them a peripheral role not only in relation to national governments and intergovernmental organizations, but also in relation to TNCs and broad social movements. Moreover, a number of theorists, emphasizing the declining role of nation-states in structuring international relations on present stage and the increasing role of non-state actors (media, non-governmental organizations, etc.), political parties do not actually consider:. Ignoring the activities of political parties as subjects of international relations in modern concepts can only be explained by the fact that this activity itself is ambiguous and multidimensional, that its various aspects are in mutual contradiction and, moreover, are connected by the structural limitations of those subsystems of international life where they are deployed. The emerging transition of Western societies to the post-industrial phase of development leads to the inevitable transformation of political parties, which greatly complicates the analysis of the activities of the latter due to changes in the generic characteristics of parties (allowing to distinguish parties from other political associations), which have not always been clearly manifested in the international arena.

Political parties were formed in the countries of the West as self-organizing social systems aimed at promotion to elected bodies and (through the latter) to public office of persons with claims to power. According to Maurice Duverger, these are parties of parliamentary origin, where winning a seat in political assemblies is the essence of the functioning of the party: “the very reason for its existence and the highest goal of its

life" 2. The parties were cooperatives of independent candidates based on genetic ties - a common social origin and its derivatives: the similarity of living conditions and social interests. Only with the advent of workers' and peasants' parties (named in terms of ideological orientation: social democratic and socialist) did the parties acquire the features characteristic of an industrial society: a permanent organized structure (with a clearly defined differentiation of roles), as well as attributive properties: futuristic and mobilization. Two principles dominated the basis of the organizational structure of the parties (hence M. Duverger subdivided them into cadre and mass 3), but in both cases the parties ceased to be associations of persons claiming to possess political power, they acquired an administrative apparatus (although, in cadre parties, the apparatus performed not as much managerial as coordinating functions). In the presence of alternative ways of further social development, the parties had to present a generally significant project for the future: achieving or maintaining such a model social structure which would provide a comfortable state for certain social groups.

Activities for the implementation of this project include the mobilization of material (excluded from public consumption and accumulation) and intangible (subordination and organization of disparate social forces, the development of doctrines and socio-political technologies, etc.) of resources, requires the replacement of the associative association of individuals with a hierarchical system that limits the freedom of political activity of party members. Alternative ways further development anticipates competition

than two global projects of the future, providing for a radically different organization of all public life. In the absence of a fundamentally different model of society, which is perceived as realistically achievable, resource mobilization becomes very problematic. As rightly noted by V.V. Ilyin and A.S. Panarin, the functions of social representation and global design are absent when there is no politics as a technology for changing group status4. Parties, of course, represent the interests of certain social groups and strata in conditions where the existing organization of social life is the only possible one, but then social groups gain (or lose) little from their activities, and investing resources in parties looks unattractive.

With the disappearance of the “second” world, there are virtually no alternative models of social organization (with the exception of the traditional and religious ones, but due to their harsh influence social norms on the behavior of an individual are few where popular). Not receiving the necessary resource support from the population, parties are looking for other sources of subsistence (functionaries are interested in maintaining party life), and here material assistance from competing economic agents, including international ones, is becoming increasingly important. At a time when the political organization of international relations is increasingly becoming monocentric, the economic subsystem, although structured from the center to the periphery, has several parallel hierarchies that compete with each other and stake on certain political forces in different countries. In this area, parties have begun to seriously compete with traditional lobbying, since, having their representatives in power structures at various levels, they can ensure the consistent implementation of long-term projects. At the same time, there are still international associations of parties based on the similarity of ideological doctrines.

The founders of inter-party cooperation based on the similarity of ideological doctrines were European social democratic parties (International), which were later joined by

parties from other continents. Despite the fact that social democracy had a similar social base in various countries, the basis of cooperation in the international arena was no longer genetic ties, but ties of complementarity (sympathy caused by the similarity of final goals and assessments of current events) and solidarity (which included mutual assistance) . Genetically, social groups are more tied to their society and territory than to social groups that have a similar position in other societies. It is no coincidence that during the First World War, almost all social democratic parties supported the governments of their countries. AT Peaceful time the parties again began to establish ties among themselves within the framework of international inter-party associations.

Among the inter-party associations, the associations of the left forces - the Socialist International and the Communist International - enjoyed the greatest influence. Associations of right-wing parties (for example, the Liberal International) had fewer members, low intensity of inter-party ties and were more deliberative in nature. On the basis of ideological postulates and intra-social practices, relations were also structured within inter-party associations. Thus, the Communist International had a rigid centralized structure headed by the CPSU, whose resolutions regarding the strategy and tactics of the communist movement were to be accepted as unshakable. Otherwise, serious sanctions could follow (for example, the exclusion of the Polish Communist Party from the Comintern on the eve of World War II). Communist parties from developed capitalist countries (especially Italian and French) managed in practice to maintain their autonomy and act in domestic affairs based on the situation, but they could not have any significant influence on the decisions of the Comintern.

There was no single center of power in the socialist international. The socialist parties of a number of European countries stood out there (Germany, France, Sweden, British Labor), which had much more influence than the socialist parties of less developed countries, even when they were not in power in their societies. They could provide

to provide serious resource support to their colleagues, strengthening the competitiveness of the latter in the domestic political arena. The coming to power of the socialists after the formal change of regimes in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1977) is largely due to the "humanitarian" assistance of the "fraternal" parties. CPSU, using the resources of the Soviet Union and states of Eastern Europe also supported the communist parties Western countries and Third World parties that chose the socialist path of development, but demanded political loyalty in return. The socialists did not have a monotonous doctrine (the Swedish model was significantly different from the French), a single center of power and did not require political loyalty in international affairs.

The activities of the parties also influenced interstate relations in the system of international relations. First, “the vicissitudes of inter-party conflicts within individual states can lead to the transition of an entire state from one camp to another, or from being involved in any of the camps to neutrality”5. Secondly, in addition to material and informational support, the parties had a certain symbolic influence on the population, and not always associated with ideological dogmas. Thus, in Portugal and Spain, they voted for the socialists, among other things, because they counted on faster and simplified integration into the system of European relations, since in most European countries at that time the socialist parties were in power 6. On the material and technical support of the USSR and its allies were counted on by the parties proclaiming the socialist path of development. Taken together, this had a significant impact on the configuration of political, economic and cultural ties in the system of international relations.

The right-wing parties did not have such a significant direct impact on the system of international relations, and their inter-party associations were rather of an associative nature. Westernized liberal-democratic parties owe their emergence and functioning in the countries of the Third World not to the Liberal International, but to the TNCs and the local comprador bourgeoisie. Later, some of them began to be supported by

by the authorities of the economically developed capitalist countries as a way to compete with the states of the socialist camp. However, in interstate relations, governments led by right-wing parties were not distinguished by ideological legibility and were guided to a greater extent by national and geostrategic interests. The liberal-democratic governments of the West supported authoritarian cliques and their leaders to a greater extent (A. Pinochet in Chile, Said Nuri in Iraq, etc.), since their activities are easier to manage and economically cheaper.

The European Parliament - PACE (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) has become a material expression of the institutionalization of inter-party associations. However, by the time the European Parliament was able to influence the state of affairs in Europe, the ideological determinant in the activities of political parties began to fade away. “It is believed that the members of the Assembly do not represent the governments, but the public of a particular country, and therefore, when voting, they should be guided not by national, but by party interests”7, in fact, deputies of various factions of the European Parliament in their voting are guided more by the foreign policy line of their countries.

The existence of the USSR and its allies gave rise to the possibility of an alternative development of both domestic political relations in individual countries and international relations. With the collapse of the socialist camp, as mentioned above, the real alternative actually disappeared. Such mass movements as environmental and anti-globalization have not yet put forward a project for an alternative social order. They are fighting not for, but against, and this does not make it possible either to mobilize a sufficient amount of resources or to develop a strategic and tactical line of conduct. History shows that all movements that fought against change without putting forward a project for an alternative development path (Luddites, suffragettes, the anti-war movement, etc.) sooner or later came to naught. It is impossible to stop development, it is possible to direct it along a different path.

At one time, the domestic researcher A.B. Zubov noted that in the countries of the East, with the exception of “marginal parties with an ideological coloring, all other parties are actually unions of independent candidates”8. Since a similar phenomenon was observed at one time in Europe, it was interpreted as the cost of growth. However, apparently, the associative structure of the Eastern parties was caused by the absence of real alternatives to the ways of internal development. In the foreign policy arena, parties could choose between the first and second worlds or not be guided by either of them, but the internal development of the Eastern states did not provide for a variety of options (with the exception of Islamism): modernization with economic and technological dependence on more developed countries. The ideological labels in the names of the parties of the Third World had a more symbolic significance, indicating which of the two camps of the world system the party is oriented in foreign policy activities.

This hypothesis is partly supported by the direction of the reorganization of political parties in Western countries. The parties, as noted by S.N. Pshizov, from cumbersome bureaucratic organizations are again turning into flexible professional electoral structures 9. Of course, well-established institutional ties (the traditional party orientation of a part of the Western population, connections with economic agents providing resource support) and interests (primarily in maintaining parties as organizations) The party bureaucracy has an inhibitory effect on this process, but they are not able to stop it. In parties, temporarily hired specialists (signature collectors, public relations experts, etc.) are beginning to play an increasingly important role, and the party bureaucracy is assigned the role of concentration and optimal distribution of resources. Even in Sweden (a country where an identiary democracy has been dominating for a long time), the Social Democrats began to invite electoral consultants from the USA10, which indicates significant changes in party life.

The above example regarding the SDRPSH highlights another facet of the influence of parties on the system of international

relations: the spatial transmission of successful examples of activity began to be accompanied by the involvement of specialists in this activity from other sociocultural systems. In conditions when the coming to power of other political forces does not promise any special changes (and the coming to power of leftist parties in a number of European countries did not lead to any significant changes either in the internal or in the foreign policy), political activity becomes more personified and the voter pays attention not so much to party affiliation, but to the personal qualities (more precisely, to their presented image) of persons claiming power. However, the Swedish Social Democrats reflected the interests of the largest social group (quantitatively exceeding all the others combined) of society (which they actually formed with their activities) and had a much greater cultural potential than other political forces. In fact, any project of a social structure that was alternative to the SDPSH doctrine did not meet the interests of the majority of the population, and in this respect the Swedish path of development looked unopposed. traditional forms Working with the electorate while concentrating resources in the hands of the party bureaucracy suited the Swedish political elite for a long time, but since the beginning of the 90s of the last century, political advancement through modern PR technologies has seemed more attractive to them. Borrowing successful models of activity, together with the invitation of foreign specialists, increasingly makes parties and political elites different public systems culturally homogeneous, moving them away from the dominant cultures of their societies (with the exception of Western countries), since the rapprochement of the latter is much slower.

Summing up the above, it should be noted that the activity of political parties in the international arena unfolds mainly in three dimensions, each of which has its own identification within the framework of the cognitive scheme "we - they". Firstly, it is a political and ideological orientation, where parties define among the subjects of international relations (other parties, movements, national governments, etc.)

Vertsev" on the basis of a common vision of the ideal social structure and ways to achieve it. At present, this aspect is preserved in the form of traditionally developed connections and relations in institutionalized inter-party associations, but the ideological orientation may well be revived if socio-cultural and economic determinants are given an ideological coloring (the similarity of civilizational and religious attitudes, places in the world division of labor). With the growing cultural gap between the party elite and society, the emergence of counter-elites, culturally closer to their social environment, and their political associations is not ruled out. Secondly, the national-state orientation of party leaders, the search for states that could become allies in the international arena within the framework of interstate relations. In fact, here we are talking about the position of the country in the monocentric hierarchy political life the international community, the degree of influence on world politics. Each party has its own ideas about potential allies and competitors, and the difference in worldviews between the ideology of the party and the government of a potential ally can be ignored in favor of geopolitical and macroeconomic strategies. Thirdly, the rise in the cost of election campaigns encourages parties to look for "sponsors" among the economic actors of international relations: TNCs, interbank associations, or even just foreign companies (in most countries the latter is prohibited, but financial flows are difficult to control). The economic and financial orientation of parties on a global scale and the corresponding economic identity (the attachment of certain parties to certain economic agents) begins to form, which may not coincide with the political one (the government may provide financial assistance one party, but the business is completely different).

Thus, in the conditions of global integration of the world community with a unipolar political hierarchy of the party

different countries, on the one hand, become more culturally homogeneous (similar to each other), and on the other hand, losing structure-forming features (a certain social base, ideology), they acquire more and more nominal differences. It is no coincidence that the trend towards a two-party system in a number of countries (Germany, Canada, etc.) has changed to the exact opposite.

If earlier parties in the international arena integrated various countries into blocs, differentiating the latter on political grounds, then at the present stage of development of international relations, parties, differentiating the subjects of international life on a number of grounds, contribute to the unity and integration of a monocentric political organization the world community. The latter does not always come from the subjective desire of the parties themselves, but is caused by the need to be competitive in the domestic political arena, which involves the reproduction of certain types of activities that objectively contribute to the growth of the above trends.

NOTES

1 See: Kosolapov N.A. The phenomenon of international relations: state of the art object of study // World economy and international relations. M., 1998. No. 5. S. 107; International relations: sociological approaches. M., 1998. S. 39.

2 Duverger M. Les partis politiques. Paris, 1976.

4Ilyin V.V., Panarin A.A. Philosophy of politics. M., 1994. S. 229.

5 Aron R. Peace and war between peoples. M., 2000. S. 345.

6 Social reforms and workers. M., 1986. S. 296.

7 Rybkin I.P. We are doomed to consent: Speeches, articles, interviews. M., 1994. S. 349.

8 Zubov A.B. Parliamentary democracy and the political tradition of the East. M., 1990. S. 224.

9 Pshizova S.N. Political Market Financing: theoretical aspects practical problems // Polis: watered. research M., 2002. No. 1. S. 23.

Many people know that the Communist International is called international organization, which united the communist parties of different countries in 1919-1943. The same organization is called by some the Third International, or the Comintern.

This formation was founded in 1919, at the request of the RCP (b) and its leader V. I. Lenin, to spread and develop the ideas of international revolutionary socialism, which, in comparison with the reformist socialism of the Second International, was a completely opposite phenomenon. The gap between these two coalitions was due to differences in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution.

Congresses of the Comintern

Congresses of the Comintern were not held very often. Let's consider them in order:

First (Constituent). Organized in 1919 (in March) in Moscow. It was attended by 52 delegates from 35 groups and parties from 21 countries.
Second Congress. Held on July 19-August 7 in Petrograd. At this event, a number of decisions were made on the tactics and strategy of communist activities, such as models for participation in the national liberation movement of the communist parties, on the rules for the party to join the 3rd International, the Charter of the Comintern, and so on. At that moment, the Department was created international cooperation Comintern.
Third congress. Held in Moscow in 1921, from June 22 to July 12. This event was attended by 605 delegates from 103 parties and structures.
Fourth congress. The event ran from November to December 1922. It was attended by 408 delegates, who were sent by 66 parties and enterprises from 58 countries of the world. By the decision of the congress, the International Enterprise for Assistance to the Fighters of the Revolution was organized.
The Fifth Meeting of the Communist International was held from June to July 1924. The participants decided to turn the national communist parties into Bolshevik ones: to change their tactics in the light of the defeat of revolutionary uprisings in Europe.
The Sixth Congress was held from July to September 1928. At this meeting, the participants assessed the political world situation as a transition to the newest stage. It was characterized by an economic crisis that spread throughout the planet and an intensification of the class struggle. Members of the congress succeeded in developing the thesis about social fascism. They issued a statement that political cooperation communists with both right and left social democrats is impossible. In addition, during this conference, the Charter and the Program of the Communist International were adopted.
The seventh conference was held in 1935, from July 25 to August 20. The basic theme of the meeting was the idea of consolidating forces and fighting the growing fascist threat. During this period, the Workers' United Front was created, which was a body for coordinating the activity of workers of various political interests.

Story

In general, communist internationals are very interesting to study. So, it is known that the Trotskyists approved the first four congresses, the supporters of left communism - only the first two. As a result of the campaigns of 1937-1938, most sections of the Comintern were liquidated. The Polish section of the Comintern was eventually officially dissolved.

Of course, the political parties of the 20th century underwent a lot of changes. Repressions against leaders of the communist international movement, who found themselves in the USSR for one reason or another, appeared even before Germany and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact in 1939.

Marxism-Leninism enjoyed great popularity among the people. And already at the beginning of 1937, members of the directorate of the German Communist Party G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, the leaders of the Yugoslav Communist Party M. Fillipovich, M. Gorkich were arrested. V. Chopich commanded the fifteenth Lincoln International Brigade in Spain, but when he returned, he was also arrested.

As you can see, communist internationals were created a large number of of people. Also, a prominent figure in the communist international movement, the Hungarian Bela Kun, many leaders of the Polish Communist Party - J. Pashin, E. Prukhnyak, M. Koshutska, Yu. Lensky and many others were repressed. Former Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas was arrested and shot. One of the leaders of the Communist Party of Iran A. Sultan-Zade was awarded the same fate: he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, a delegate to the II, III, IV and VI Congresses.

It should be noted that the political parties of the 20th century were distinguished by a large number of intrigues. Stalin accused the leaders of the Communist Party of Poland of anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, and anti-Soviet positions. His performances were the cause of physical reprisals against Jerzy Czesheiko-Sochacki and other leaders of the Polish communists (1933). Some were repressed in 1937.

Marxism-Leninism, in fact, was a good doctrine. But in 1938, the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to dissolve the Polish Communist Party. The founders of the Communist Party of Hungary and the leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bokanyi, Bela Kun, I. Rabinovich, J. Kelen, L. Gavro, S. Sabados, F. Karikash - were under a wave of repression. Bulgarian communists who moved to the USSR were repressed: H. Rakovsky, R. Avramov, B. Stomonyakov.

Romanian communists also began to be destroyed. In Finland, the founders of the Communist Party G. Rovio and A. Shotman, General First Secretary K. Manner and many of their associates were repressed.

It is known that the communist internationals did not appear from scratch. For their sake, more than a hundred Italian communists who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1930s suffered. They were all arrested and sent to camps. Mass repressions did not pass by the leaders and activists of the communist parties of Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Estonia and Western Belarus (before they joined the USSR).

Structure of the Comintern

So, we have examined the congresses of the Comintern, and now we will consider the structure of this organization. Its Charter was adopted in August 1920. It was written: "In fact, the International of Communists is obliged, in fact and really, to represent the world single communist party, separate branches of which operate in each state."

It is known that the leadership of the Comintern was carried out through the Executive Committee (ECCI). Until 1922 it consisted of representatives delegated by the communist parties. And since 1922 he was elected by the Congress of the Comintern. The Small Bureau of the ECCI appeared in July 1919. In September 1921, it was renamed the Presidium of the ECCI. The secretariat of the ECCI was established in 1919; it dealt with personnel and organizational issues. This organization existed until 1926. And the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo) of the ECCI was created in 1921 and existed until 1926.

Interestingly, from 1919 to 1926 Grigory Zinoviev was the Chairman of the ECCI. In 1926, the post of chairman of the ECCI was abolished. Instead, the Political Secretariat of the ECCI of nine people appeared. In August 1929, the Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI was separated from this new formation. She had to prepare various issues, which were later considered by the Political Secretariat. It included D. Manuilsky, O. Kuusinen, a representative of the Communist Party of Germany (agreed on by the Central Committee of the KKE) and O. Pyatnitsky (candidate).

In 1935, a new position appeared - the Secretary General of the ECCI. It was taken by G. Dimitrov. The Political Commission and the Political Secretariat were abolished. The Secretariat of the ECCI was organized again.

The International Control Commission was created in 1921. She checked the work of the apparatus of the ECCI, individual sections (parties) and audited finances.

What organizations did the Comintern consist of?

Profintern.
Mezhrabpom.
Sportintern.
Communist Youth International (KIM).
Crossintern.
Women's International Secretariat.
Association of rebellious theaters (international).
Association of Rebellious Writers (international).
Freethinking Proletarian International.
World Committee of Comrades of the USSR.
Tenant International.
The International Organization for Assistance to Revolutionaries was called MOPR or "Red Aid".
Anti-Imperialist League.

Disbandment of the Comintern

When did the dissolution of the Communist International take place? The date of the official liquidation of this famous organization falls on May 15, 1943. Stalin announced the dissolution of the Comintern: he wanted to impress the Western allies by convincing them that plans to establish communist and pro-Soviet regimes on the lands of European states collapsed. It is known that the reputation of the 3rd International by the beginning of the 1940s was very bad. In addition, in continental Europe, almost all cells were suppressed and destroyed by the Nazis.

Since the mid-1920s, Stalin personally and the CPSU(b) sought to dominate the Third International. This nuance played a role in the events of that time. The liquidation of almost all branches of the Comintern (except for the Youth International and the Executive Committee) in the years (mid-1930s) also affected. However, the 3rd International was able to save the Executive Committee: it was only renamed the World Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

In June 1947, the Paris Conference for Marshall's aid was held. And in September 1947, Stalin from the socialist parties created Cominform - the Communist Bureau of Information. It replaced the Comintern. In fact, it was a network formed from the communist parties of Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Romania and Yugoslavia (due to disagreements between Tito and Stalin, it was deleted from the lists in 1948).

Cominform was liquidated in 1956, after the end of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. This organization did not have a formal legal successor, but such were the Department of Internal Affairs and the CMEA, as well as regular meetings of Soviet-friendly workers and communist parties.

Archive of the Third International

The archive of the Comintern is stored in the State Archive of Political and Social History in Moscow. Documents are available in 90 languages: the basic working language is German. More than 80 batches are available.

Educational establishments

The Third International owned:

The Communist Workers' University of China (KUTK) - until September 17, 1928, it was called the Sun Yat-sen Workers' University of China (UTK).
Communist University of the Workers of the East (KUTV).
Communist University of National Minorities of the West (KUNMZ).
International Lenin School (MLSH) (1925-1938).

Institutions

The Third International ordered:

Statistical and Information Institute of the ECCI (Bureau Varga) (1921-1928).
Agrarian International Institute (1925-1940).

Historical facts

The creation of the Communist International was accompanied by various interesting events. So, in 1928, Hans Eisler wrote a magnificent anthem for him in German. It was translated into Russian by I. L. Frenkel in 1929. In the refrain of the work, the words were repeatedly heard: “Our slogan is the World Soviet Union!”

In general, when the Communist International was created, we already know that it was a difficult time. It is known that the command of the Red Army, together with the propaganda and agitation bureau of the Third International, prepared and published the book "Armed Revolt". In 1928 this work was published in German, and in 1931 in French. The work was written in the form of an educational and reference manual on the theory of organizing armed uprisings.

The book was created under the pseudonym A. Neuberg, its real authors were popular figures of the revolutionary world movement.

Marxism-Leninism

What is Marxism-Leninism? This is a philosophical and socio-political doctrine of the laws of the struggle for the elimination of the capitalist order and the building of communism. It was developed by V. I. Lenin, who developed the teachings of Marx and put it into practice. The emergence of Marxism-Leninism confirmed the significance of Lenin's contribution to Marxism.

V. I. Lenin created such a magnificent doctrine that in the socialist countries it became the official "ideology of the working class." The ideology was not static, it changed, adjusted to the needs of the elite. By the way, it also included the teachings of regional communist leaders, which are important for the socialist powers led by them.

In the Soviet paradigm, the teachings of V. I. Lenin are the only true scientific system economic, philosophical and political-social views. Marxist-Leninist teaching is capable of integrating conceptual views in relation to the study and revolutionary change of the earth's space. It reveals the laws of the development of society, human thought and nature, explains the class struggle and the forms of transition to socialism (including the elimination of capitalism), tells about the creative activity of workers engaged in the construction of both communist and socialist society.

The Chinese Communist Party is the largest political party in the world. She follows in her endeavors the teachings of V. I. Lenin. Its charter contains the following words: “Marxism-Leninism has found the laws of the historical evolution of mankind. Its basic tenets are always true and have a powerful vitality."

First International

It is known that the Communist Internationals played the most important role in the workers' struggle for a better life. The International Working People's Association was officially named the First International. This is the first international formation of the working class, which was established on September 28, 1864 in London.

This organization was liquidated after the split that occurred in 1872.

2nd International

The 2nd International (Workers' or Socialist) was an international association of workers' socialist parties, founded in 1889. It inherited the traditions of its predecessor, but since 1893 there were no anarchists in its composition. For uninterrupted communication between party members, in 1900 the Socialist International Bureau was registered, located in Brussels. The International adopted decisions that were not binding on its constituent parties.

Fourth International

The Fourth International is called the international communist organization, an alternative to Stalinism. It is based on the theoretical property of Leon Trotsky. The tasks of this formation were the implementation of the world revolution, the victory of the working class and the creation of socialism.

This International was established in 1938 by Trotsky and his associates in France. These people believed that the Comintern was completely controlled by the Stalinists, that it was not in a position to lead the working class of the entire planet to the complete conquest of political power. That is why, in contrast, they created their own "Fourth International", whose members at that time were persecuted by NKVD agents. In addition, they were accused by supporters of the USSR and late Maoism of illegitimacy, pressed by the bourgeoisie (France and the USA).

This organization first suffered a split in 1940 and a more powerful split in 1953. There was a partial reunification in 1963, but many groups claim to be the political successors to the Fourth International.

Fifth International

What is the "Fifth International"? This is the term used to describe left-wing radicals who want to create a new workers' international organization based on the ideology of Marxist-Leninist teachings and Trotskyism. Members of this grouping consider themselves as devotees of the First International, the Communist Third, the Trotskyist Fourth and Second.

Communism

And in conclusion, let's figure out what the Russian Communist Party is? It is based on communism. In Marxism, this is a hypothetical economic and social system based on social equality, public property created from the means of production.

One of the most famous internationalist communist slogans is the saying: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!". Few people know who first said these famous words. But we will reveal a secret: for the first time this slogan was expressed by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto.

After the 19th century, the term "communism" was often used to designate the socio-economic formation that Marxists predicted in their theoretical works. It was based on public property created with the means of production. In general, the classics of Marxism believe that the communist public implements the principle "To each according to his skills, to each according to his need!"

We hope that our readers will be able to understand the Communist Internationals with the help of this article.