Ethnicities. nations

ethnic communities. In science under ethnos(from the Greek ethnos - people) is understood as a community of people historically formed in a certain territory, which is characterized by the unity of origin, culture, language, as well as the consciousness of its unity. A person recognizes himself as a descendant of a number of previous generations that belonged to this ethnic group. The memory of ancestors is passed down from generation to generation. As a result, a historical and cultural heritage is formed, which determines the integrity of the ethnic group.

Since any ethnic group is replenished due to inter-ethnic marriages and the inclusion of representatives of other ethnic groups in its composition, attempts to divide people according to the “purity of blood”, to distinguish between “clean” and “impure” representatives of an ethnic group are devoid of serious scientific grounds. ethnic

community is based primarily not on the unity of "blood", but on the self-consciousness of people. In almost every genealogy that goes far enough into the past, people from other peoples are found.

During historical development of humanity, ethnoi, like people, were born, lived and died, giving rise to other ethnoi. Various historical periods in the development of society, three forms (stages) of the development of an ethnos correspond - genus and tribe, nationality, nation (Scheme 2).

Stages of development of the ethnic group

Genus and tribe are characteristic of primitive society.

Genus is a group of people related by family ties and having a common ancestor. There is no formal system of leadership in the life of the clan. Various issues are resolved either by the eldest in the family, or by the spiritual leader of the family (shaman), but most often - by the meeting of the family. Oral traditions are used as laws.

Tribe- a larger formation than the genus. The tribe consists of several genera. People who are part of a tribe speak the same language, have common household rules and religious rites, and consider people from other tribes to be strangers. In a tribe, unlike a clan, there is a formal leader - a leader, as well as a council of elders. Decomposition

tribal relations occurs in connection with the emergence of private property and exchange. At the same time, the role of military leaders is enhanced, tribal nobility appears.

Nationalities usually consisted of several tribes close in origin and language, or from multilingual tribes mixed as a result of conquests. In the process of folding the nationality, a mutual language(usually the language of a larger or more culturally advanced group of tribes). A territorial, cultural and partly economic community of people included in the nationality is being formed. The formation of the state contributed to the strengthening of nationalities.

nations represent a higher level of self-organization and consolidation of the ethnos. They are formed as a result of the combination, mixing of representatives of various tribes and nationalities. Modern nations were formed during the formation of capitalist relations. As a result of the development of commodity production and trade, the formation of regional and national markets, the medieval isolation of the population was gradually overcome. The creation of centralized states strengthened the economic community and accelerated the formation of nations. Related to this are the processes of creating a national language, the development of a national culture, the formation of features of a national character and way of thinking, the emergence of national self-consciousness.

Nationalities that have been divided into parts by state borders can give rise to several nations (Portuguese and Galicians, Germans and Luxembourgers, etc.). The ancient Russian community of people was the single root of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities, which subsequently developed into a nation.

The nation is considered in science not just as an ethnic unity of people, but as a political, civil, territorial community, as a community of citizens of a given state, united by one government.

Both ethnic and national affiliation of a person is determined primarily by his self-consciousness.

But if ethnic self-consciousness depends on the origin of a person, then national self-consciousness depends on his inclusion in the national culture and a sense of belonging to it. Sometimes ethnic self-consciousness and national self-consciousness do not coincide. Getting into a new ethnic environment, for example, as a result of moving to another country, people do not change their ethnicity. But they can either retain their national culture and national identity, or assimilate, that is, master a different culture and acquire a new national identity. In modern nations, there are many people of different ethnic origins - American Belarusians, Russified Germans, etc. To denote the ethnicity of people today, the term “nationality” is used, and the concept of “nation” is often identified with the concept of “people”. For example, the Belarusian nation is the Belarusian people, uniting all citizens of our country.

As a rule, each nation has its own language. But there are exceptions to this rule. Spaniards, Argentines, Cubans speak the same language, although they are different nations. And the existence in France, in addition to French, of four more languages - Breton, Gascon, Provencal and German did not prevent the formation of a single French people. In the Republic of Belarus there are two state languages- Belarusian and Russian.

The development of nations and national relations. Modern humanity is represented by about three thousand different nations and nationalities. Most of them live in multinational states. The well-being, and often the very life of people, depends on their ability to dialogue and mutual understanding, on their respectful attitude to the peculiarities, customs, mores, and views of representatives of other nationalities.

Each nation is characterized by the presence of a system known to all its representatives traditional forms behavior, household symbols, other elements of culture that ensure their mutual understanding and similarity of worldview.

Modern India

AT modern world no nation can live in complete isolation and necessarily enters into interethnic relations, establishes economic, political, ideological, cultural, legal ties with other nations. These bonds can be stable (permanent) or unstable (periodic). They can be based either on rivalry or cooperation, be equal or unequal.

An example of the rapprochement of nations is the European Union (EU). As of January 1, 2007, it included 27 states whose peoples speak at least 40 languages. A single European citizenship has been introduced, a single currency - the euro, a single European law has been developed. The supremacy of European law over national law is recognized by all EU states. In case of conflicts, a “third power” is organized to solve complex problems - the Court of the European Communities, the decisions of which are binding on all EU states. In the post-Soviet space, such associations of countries and peoples as

Meeting international organization labor

Ensemble "Pesnyary", 1977

Commonwealth independent states(CIS), Euro-Asian economic community(EurAsEC).

national identity. Through self-awareness the nation determines its fundamental interests, goals and ideals, its own place among other peoples and attitude towards them. National self-consciousness is based on historical memory and involves an assessment of the past of one's nation, as well as its current state.

A person independently classifies himself as one or another nationality based on the knowledge of the language that he speaks and considers native, adherence to the traditions and customs that he observes, the culture that he

People have a feeling national pride but they understand it differently. For example, we are justifiably proud cultural achievements Belarusian people, but at the same time we respect the values and interests of other peoples. This position is opposed by another: "Everything that is ours is good, everything that is foreign is bad." People who hold this point of view are ready to praise the good and justify the bad that characterize the past and present of their people,

and blacken history and modern life another people. This is how national strife and confrontation arise.

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The government of country Z has decided to support the Singing World choir competition. This example shows the interaction of the spheres of society

1) political and economic

2) economic and social

3) political and spiritual

4) spiritual and social

Answer:

Inna found out that Zoya invited all her work colleagues to a picnic, except for her. She did not begin to find out the reason for this act, she simply stopped talking to Zoya. What kind of behavior in interpersonal conflict does this example illustrate?

1) avoiding a conflict situation

2) mediation

3) compromise

4) cooperation

Answer:

Schoolchildren, on the instructions of a biology teacher, made observations and identified the main sources of pollution school classes. What activity does this example illustrate?

1) economic

2) research

3) political

4) production

Answer:

Are the following statements about personality correct?

A. Personality is manifested in the physical qualities and characteristics of a person.

B. The formation of personality occurs throughout a person's life.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Pavel is in his second year of university. He plays in the student theater, often performs as part of the basketball team of his faculty. What level of education is Paul at?

1) secondary vocational

2) higher professional

3) basic general

4) average total

Answer:

Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world correct?

A. Science helps a person to systematize knowledge about the world around him.

B. Science strives for the reliability of the results obtained.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Help overcome the government budget deficit

1) income tax reduction

2) increase in the size of the state fee

3) expanding funding for education

4) salary increase for medical workers

Answer:

Compulsory payments levied by the state from individuals and legal entities, this is

3) dividends

4) insurance payments

Answer:

In which of the following examples is it about saving one's savings from depreciation?

1) Tatyana bought an apartment in a prestigious area

2) Sergey keeps the savings at home

3) Ivan bought a new car

4) Marina insured her jewelry against theft

Answer:

Are the following statements about private property correct?

A. The transfer of state property into private hands is called nationalization.

B. Private property is the basis of a command economy.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Socially significant features that determine the position of a person in society include

1) level of education

2) worldview

3) physical data

4) features of temperament

Answer:

Masha and Olya's parents died in a car accident. The girls live and are raised by their grandmother. Their family is

1) patriarchal

2) large

3) incomplete

4) small (nuclear)

Answer:

Are the following statements about ethnicity correct?

A. In contrast to a nationality, a nation is a more stable community of people, and the community of economic life gives it stability.

B. The state forms peoples and nations, unites territories and establishes links with ethnic groups.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

hallmark political party is

1) an association of people with common interests

2) creation of a branched organization

3) the right of legislative initiative

4) the desire to participate in the exercise of political power

Answer:

In many countries, members of parliament are prohibited from working in government offices. This manifests itself

1) the rule of parliament

2) republican form of government

3) unitary state structure

4) separation of powers

Answer:

Are the following statements about politics correct?

A. Any power relations are political in nature.

B. Politics as a field public life developed in an industrial society.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

That is hallmark rule of law?

1) the existence of a system of legislation

2) equality and equality of citizens before the law

3) the functioning of law enforcement agencies

4) the presence of sovereignty

Answer:

Choose the correct statement:

The president Russian Federation

2) appointed for a period of 5 years

3) is elected by the State Duma

4) approved by the Federal Assembly

Answer:

In which of the following cases does the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" come into force?

1) The warehouse accepted for storage a batch of products that do not have a certificate of conformity.

2) A citizen purchased a car for personal use in which a defective part was found.

3) A citizen purchased for resale in another city a batch of goods that turned out to be of poor quality.

4) The company supplied the pharmacies of the city with a batch of medicines with an expired shelf life

Answer:

Are the following statements about family law correct?

A. All property acquired during the marriage is the common property of the spouses.

B. The issue of divorce in case of disagreement of one of the spouses or the presence of children in the family is resolved only in court.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

The above list shows the similarities between science and art and the differences between science and art. Select and write down in the first column of the table the serial numbers of the similarities, and in the second column - the serial numbers of the differences:

1) is an area of spiritual culture

2) uses artistic images

3) requires accuracy and validity of statements

4) creates spiritual values

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between facts and spheres of public life: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G

Answer:

Read the given text, each position of which is marked with a letter.

(A) The globalization of the world economy is a controversial process that has both positive and negative consequences. (B) Species extinction is a negative consequence of globalization. (B) The transition itself to information society is not a global problem.

Decide which positions of the text:

1) reflect the facts

2) express opinions

Record in the table the numbers indicating the nature of the relevant provisions.

BUT	B	AT

Answer:

In country Z, a survey was conducted among adult residents on the topic: “Who should be primarily responsible for raising children?” The results of the survey as a percentage of the number of respondents are presented in the table.

Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) An almost equal number of respondents, both among men and among women, believe that the father should be primarily involved in raising children.

2) The smallest part of the respondents among women believes that, first of all, education should be done in schools and kindergartens.

3) A fifth of the women surveyed believe that the mother should be the first to raise children.

4) The smallest part of the interviewed men believes that, first of all, the upbringing of children should be done by the older members of the family.

5) More than half of both the men surveyed and the women surveyed believe that, first of all, one of the parents should be engaged in the upbringing of children.

Answer:

In country X different years were held opinion polls citizens. They were asked the question: “How do you assess the current financial situation of your family?” The results of the surveys are shown in the table.

Which of the following conclusions follow directly from the information received during the survey? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Country X is experiencing slow but steady economic growth.

2) The average standard of living in the state can be characterized as low.

3) The economy of country X is characterized by a rapid rise in prices.

4) We can state the strengthening of social stratification in country X.

5) The strengthening of social stratification is associated with an increase in unemployment in state X.

Answer:

Plan your text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

(According to E. Benes)

Based on the text, name three factors that are the reasons for the decentralization of public administration.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomy, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very frequent argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to how states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from the collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of an individual, and considers human as primary and basic, and the state, which is made up of individuals, as secondary. Rigid centralization is the first and basic condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the other hand, greatest strength draws from the free conviction of citizens in their belonging to the state and people's whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on the implementation of broad decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one's own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

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Using the content of the text, name three characteristic features of democracy that the author highlights.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of state administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomy, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to the way states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from the collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and basic, and the state, which is made up of individuals, as secondary. Rigid centralization is the first and basic condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the other hand, draws its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and people's whole.

(According to E. Benes)

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On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to tasks with a detailed answer are not checked automatically.
On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

The author writes that decentralization movements can lead to committing a great sin and crime against one's own state and people. Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments in support of the author's position.

The author of the article is a professional tutor Elena Viktorovna Kaluzhskaya

ethnic community- a stable set of people historically established in a certain territory, possessing common features and stable features of culture, language, mental makeup, self-awareness, historical memory, awareness of their interests and goals, dignity, difference from other similar entities.

To ethnic communities, as a rule, refer to the clan, tribe, nationality, nation.
Historically, the clan and tribe were the first to develop.

Genus- a group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal).
Tribe- a set of genera, interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, common dialect, unity of religious ideas, rituals.
Such communities are characteristic of primitive communal systems.

With the deepening division of labor and the complication social connections new forms of community of people begin to take shape - nations and peoples.

Nationality- a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse, culture.

With the development of capitalist relations (XVI-XVII centuries), new forms of interethnic consolidation arise - nation.

However, there is no single interpretation of the concept of a nation. There are at least two interpretations of this concept.
First. A nation is a historically formed community of people based on a common territory, economic structure, system of political ties, language, culture and psychological makeup, manifested in the general civic consciousness and self-awareness.

Second. A nation is a historically formed community of people, characterized by a common origin, language, territory, economic structure, psychological make-up and culture, manifested in ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness.

In the first case, the nation is understood as a fellow-citizenship based on an industrially developed socially oriented democracy. This understanding is accepted in Western sociology.
In another interpretation, nation means ethnos.

Nationality- belonging of a person to a certain ethnic group or co-citizenship, depending on self-identification.

National mentality- way of thinking, spiritual disposition, characteristic of this particular ethnic community. This is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people who preserve historically established traditions.

Ethnic groups in the modern world.
Modern humanity has from 3 to 5 thousand ethnic groups. The process of formation of ethnic groups (ethnogenesis) is quite intensive.

Ethnogenesis factors:
1) Demographic. If at the beginning of the 20th century the population of the Earth was about 2 billion people, then at the beginning of the 21st century it exceeded 7 billion;
2) Geographical. They distinguish the peoples of Europe, the peoples of Asia, the peoples of Africa, the peoples of America, the peoples of Australia and Oceania;
3) Language. Exist various classifications language. Language families are usually distinguished, such as, for example, Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, Semitic-Hamitic and others.
4)Anthropological. Based on the principle of dividing peoples by race. It is customary to distinguish four races: Caucasoids, Mongoloids, Negroids, Australoids. However, the process of racial genesis goes on continuously. This is due to the constant mixing of races. For example, in recent times began to distinguish the Brazilian race from a mixture of Indians, Africans and Europeans.

10 minor races, more than 130 nations, nationalities and ethnic groups live in Russia.

Russia is a multinational country. Therefore, knowledge of such concepts as "ethnos", "nation", "nationality", "national mentality" will help to understand the ethnic diversity of our country.

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Presentation for the lesson

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Lesson Objectives:

To find out:
- what is ethnos
- What are the types of ethnic groups
- what influences the formation of ethnic groups,
- what is the role of ethnic groups in history.
Improve the ability to analyze, compare.

Lesson type: combined (lecture elements, work with a textbook, heuristic conversation, student performances, multimedia presentation).

Lesson provision: textbook, Handout, student reports, computer, multimedia projector.

Lesson plan.

What is ethnos. Ethnic features. Ethnos types.
Tribe. Distinctive features tribe.
Nationality. Distinctive features of the people.
Nation. Signs of a nation.

Basic concepts of the lesson: Ethnos, tribe, nationality, nation, ethnogenesis.

During the classes

I. Actualization of students' knowledge.

Many of the concepts that will be called today in the lesson are well known to students from the history course (tribe, nationality, nation). It is suggested to remember what they mean. The teacher points out that all these concepts are united by the concept of ethnos.

On display slide 2. The objectives of the lesson are named. On display slide 3. Students write the lesson plan in their notebooks.

II. Learning new material.

1. What is ethnos.

Mankind throughout the history of its existence consisted of various peoples (ethnoses). What is an ethnos?

Students are offered a handout (Appendix 1), on the basis of which it is necessary to complete the following task: “Here is the definition of the concept of “ethnos”, data on various Internet sites. What do all these definitions have in common?

A broader interpretation of this term is that it combines the concepts of tribe, nationality, nation. Demonstrated and commented slides 4, 5, 6.

Development various types ethnos is associated with the growth of productive forces, the expansion of economic ties, the formation and development of certain social and cultural prerequisites. For example, clan and tribe, for which society are these social communities typical? - For the primitive.

2. Tribe. Distinctive features of the tribe.

The tribe is historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of genera and clans. On display slide 7.

3. Nationality. Distinctive features of the people.

Nationality develops with the appearance of classes and states. This social community is characteristic not of primitive society, but of the era of slavery and feudalism. decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality, the state played. It united vast territories, establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups. Most often, closely related tribes are consolidated into a nationality, and often unrelated ethnic groups are also included here.

Demonstrated slides 8, 9.

4. Nation. Signs of a nation.

On the basis of nationalities, nations are formed - the highest historical type of ethnos.

Capitalism activates economic and cultural ties, creates a single national market, eliminates the economic fragmentation of the medieval state, and unites the various nationalities included in it into a single national whole. A nation emerges. On display slide 10.

Nations are more numerous than nationalities; they number tens and hundreds of millions of people. On the basis of common territories, a single national character and psychological warehouse. There is a strong sense of solidarity with one's nation.

Class assignment. Why do you think it was at this time that national patriotic and national liberation movements, interethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise?

National patriotic and national liberation movements, ethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has been formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.

Large ethnic groups now exist only as a nation, while small ones, preserved from ancient times, are included in nations as ethnic minorities.

PROFILE - Grade 11

1 - option.

1. Ethnic communities are

1) communities 2) elites 3) outcasts 4) nationalities

2. Which of the signs, first of all, distinguishes ethnic groups?

1) community of professional interests

2) a similar level of income and quality of life

3) commonality historical experience, historical memory

4) belonging to a single age group

3. One of the main trends in the development of modern interethnic relations, associated with the gradual convergence of various peoples and nations in the economic, political, spiritual spheres of society, is called

1) interethnic differentiation 2) international integration

3) cultural pluralism 4) ethnic conflict

4 . One of the ways to prevent inter-on-qi-o-nal conflicts in de-mo-kra-ty-che-society:

1) consistent on-ra-schi-va-nie in-en-no-go on-ten-qi-a-la state

2) a compact race of people of one na-qi-o-nal-no-sti in the pre-de-lah of a many-on-qi-o-nal-no-go state

3) ensuring the rights and freedoms of all citizens not-for-vi-si-mo from na-qi-o-nal affiliation

4) the creation of na-qi-o-nal-but one-but-native states

5 . Are the following judgments about interethnic relations correct?

A. Interethnic relations are woven into other social relations (political, economic, environmental, spiritual, linguistic).

B. Interethnic relations exist in pure form apart from other social relations.

6 . Are the following judgments about national identity correct?

A. National self-consciousness is an obligatory sign of an ethnic community.

B. National self-consciousness is formed from unconscious or semi-conscious stereotypes of behavior that distinguish one people from another;

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7. One of the constitutional principles of national policy in the Russian Federation is:

1) exaggeration of the place and role of national-cultural autonomy within a single federal state

2) creating conditions for scattered living small peoples in the national environment

3) equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal government bodies

4) the priority of human rights, the establishment of privileges for the "indigenous" nation

8. Are the following judgments about the trends in the development of nations on present stage?

BUT . The process of rapprochement, unification of nations on the basis of economic integration.

B . The process of differentiation of nations, expressed in their desire for self-determination.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. In a democratic state national policy implemented through:

1) guaranteeing the rights of small peoples

2) constitutional fixing of the national electoral qualification

3) granting rights to citizens on a national basis

4) restriction of the use of the national language

10. Find the forms of interethnic integration in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) religious fanaticism

2) interpenetration of religions and cultures

3) protectionism in the economy

4) transnational corporations

5) globalization

Criteria for evaluation: 11 b. - “5” 10-8 b. - “4” 7-5 b.- “3” less than 5 b.- “2”

Test on the topic: “Ethnos and nation. Interethnic Relations.

PROFILE - Grade 11

Option 2.

For correctly completed tasks 1-9 - 1 point.

1. What community is characterized by the following features: features of language, culture, a single historical memory?

1) professional 2) territorial

3) demographic 4) ethnic

2. One of the signs of a people as an ethno-cultural community is:

1) single citizenship 2) unity of convictions

3) commonality social status 4) community of religion

3. The is-to-ri-che-sky varieties of eth-ni-che-sky communities include:

1) states 2) tribes 3) estates 4) confessions

4 . Are the following judgments about na-qi-o-nal-policy correct?

BUT. In the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion na-qi-o-nal-naya po-li-ti-ka na-right-le-na on for-mi-ro-va-nie de-mo- Kra-ti-che-me-ha-niz-mov of resolution on-qi-o-nal-nyh and inter-on-qi-o-nal problems.

B. Kha-rak-ter on-chi-o-nal-noy in-li-ti-ki for-wee-sit from specific is-to-ri-che-sky conditions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

5 . Towards a culture of interethnic relationsnot applicable:

1) realization of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality

2) respect for national identity

3) recognition of the right of every people to have access to the achievements of world civilization

4) manifestation of national mistrust

6 . Are the following statements about ethnicity correct?

A. As an ethnos develops, its biological features decrease and socio-political ones increase.

B. Ethnic groups include tribes, nationalities and nations.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7 . One way to resolve ethnic conflicts is:

1) the presence of a democratic constitutional state

2) use in conflicts armed forces

3) national isolation

4) absolutization of national sovereignty

8 . Are the following judgments about the ethnic identity of the people correct?

BUT . The ethnic self-consciousness of the people fixes the inherited cultural traditions, understanding of their place among other peoples.

B . The ethnic self-consciousness of the people has not yet formed at such a stage in the development of an ethnos as a tribe.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. The trend towards interethnic integration in society reflects

1) separatism 2) rapprochement of peoples

3) national isolation 4) national differentiation

10. Find the forms of interethnic differentiation in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) protectionism in the economy

2) transnational corporations

3) nationalism in various forms in politics and culture

4) globalization

5) self-isolation

Criteria for evaluation:

11 b. - "5"

10-8 b - "4"

7-5 b.- "3"

less than 5 points - "2"

Test