Poverty is an eternal problem. Billions of people live on the edge

We present to your attention a video lesson on the topic “The essence of global problems. Relationship and interdependence. In the course of the development of civilization, complex problems constantly arose before mankind. In this lesson, we will discuss what contributed to the aggravation of the problems in the 20th century and consider their essence, affecting the planetary scale. We will learn about the classification of global problems of mankind, about their interrelation and interdependence.

Topic: Global problems humanity

Lesson: The essence of global problems. Relationship and interdependence

In the course of the development of civilization, global problems began to arise before humanity. Today, humanity is faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet.

The term "global" itself is derived from the Latin word "globe", that is, the Earth, Earth, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century, it has been widely used to designate the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era, affecting humanity as a whole.

Global problems of our time is a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world.

Global, or worldwide (universal) problems, being the result of contradictions community development, did not arise suddenly and only today. Some of them, such as the problems of war and peace and health, have existed before and have been relevant at all times. Other global problems, such as environmental ones, appear later due to the intense impact of society on the natural environment. Initially, these problems could only be private (single) issues for a particular country, people, then they became regional and global, i.e. problems that are vital importance for all mankind.

The main features of global problems:

1. Problems that affect the interests of not only individuals, but may affect the fate of all mankind

2. They lead to significant economic and social losses, and in case of their exacerbation, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization.

3. Global problems are not solved by themselves and even by the efforts of individual countries. They require purposeful and organized efforts of the entire world community.

4. Global problems are closely related to each other.

The main problems of mankind:

1. The problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of a new world war.

2. Ecological.

3. Demographic.

4. Energy.

5. Raw.

6. Food.

7. Use of the oceans.

8. Peaceful space exploration.

9. Overcoming backwardness developing countries.

Rice. 1. Poverty and poverty in Africa ()

The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of studying them.

In modern scientific literature attempts are made to comprehensively consider the whole variety of global problems. Since all these problems are of a socio-natural nature, since they simultaneously fix the contradictions both between man and society, and the contradictions between man and the environment. natural environment, they are usually divided into three main groups. Researchers have proposed many classification options.

Classification of global problems:

1. Problems that are related to the relationship between the main social communities of mankind, i.e. between groups of states with similar political, economic and other interests: "East - West", rich and poor countries, etc. These include the problem of preventing war, international terrorism and ensuring peace, as well as establishing a fair international economic order.

2. Problems related to relations in the system "man - society": the development of culture, effective use achievements of scientific and technological revolution, development of education and healthcare

3. Problems that are generated by the interaction of society and nature. They are associated with limited opportunities. environment endure anthropogenic pressures. These are such problems as the provision of energy, fuel, raw materials, fresh water etc. The environmental problem also belongs to this group, i.e. the problem of protecting nature from irreversible changes of a negative nature, as well as the task of the reasonable development of the World Ocean and outer space.

Rice. 2. Shortage drinking water in Africa ()

Global problems are interconnected.

Rice. 3. Scheme of interrelations of problems global character

Currently, humanity and the leading countries are actively fighting against the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their use. General Assembly The UN adopted the Comprehensive Prohibition Treaty nuclear testing. In addition, agreements were signed between the main nuclear powers(for example, START-1, START-2, PRO).

The largest countries in terms of the number of armed forces:

5. Russia.

The problem of arms proliferation and disarmament remains relevant. The military bases of the United States and NATO members on the territory of many countries pose a particular potential danger.

Rice. four. Military base USA in Turkey ()

Homework

Topic 11, Item 1

1. What global problems of mankind do you know?

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with kit contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

2. Africa // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified state exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in USE format 2011. - M.: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

10. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks/ O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

11. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: national education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. USE 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

In the course of the development of civilization, mankind faced certain difficulties. But scientists began to talk about global problems in the 70-80s of the last century, when more resources were required for the life support of the population. Yes, and the waste began to increase significantly. What global problems are of concern today?

10 Natural disasters

9 backwardness of some countries

8 Peaceful space exploration

7 Use of the resources of the oceans

6 food

5 Energy

4 Demographic

3 Commodity

2 Environmental

1 World

"Global problems"(from Latin globus terrae - the globe, the term itself appeared in the late 1960s) - a set of problems of mankind that confronted him in the second half of the 20th century and on the solution of which the further existence of civilization depends.

Common features:

scale: affect all of humanity;

suppose the international cooperation various countries(impossible to solve in one single country);

sharpness: depends on their decision. further fate civilizations;

appear as an objective factor in the development of society;

urgently demand solutions.

Main (priority) global problems:

The problem of war and peace, the prevention of a new world war.

Demographic.

Raw.

Ecological.

The "North-South" problem (overcoming the backwardness of developing countries and reducing the gap in the level of development between them and advanced post-industrial countries).

6. Food.

7. Energy.

8. Use of the oceans.

9. World space exploration.

And so on.

All global problems are interconnected. It is impossible to solve each of them separately: humanity must solve them together in order to save life on the planet.

The main directions of solving global problems:

Formation of a new planetary consciousness. Raising a person on principles humanism. Widespread awareness of people about global problems.

A comprehensive study of the causes and contradictions, the conditions leading to the emergence and exacerbation of problems.

Observation and control of global processes on the planet. Obtaining objective information from each country and international studies necessary for forecasting and decision making.

Clear international system forecasting.

Development of new technologies (resource-saving, recyclable, natural springs energy).

Bringing international cooperation to a new qualitative level. Concentration of efforts of all countries to solve global problems. It is necessary to cooperate in creating the latest environmental technologies, a common world center for the study of global problems, a single fund of funds and resources, and the exchange of information.

QUESTIONS:

1. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "global problems of mankind"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about global problems.

Definition: 1) Global problems are a set of problems of mankind that confronted him in the second half of the 20th century and the solution of which depends on the existence of civilization.

Two proposals: 2) The solution of the global problems of mankind is possible only with the participation of the entire world community. 3) One of the global problems is the problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of a new world war.

2. Name any three global problems of our time and give a specific example for each.

Ecological problem. Example: deforestation - the "lungs of the planet", for example rainforest in the Amazon River Valley.

Demographic. Example: rapid birth rate growth in modern world from 1.5 billion people at the beginning of the 20th century to 6.5 billion at the beginning of the 21st century. In the fall of 2011, the seven billionth inhabitant of the planet was recorded. The population of the earth is increasing geometric progression and according to the most conservative estimates will reach 10 billion inhabitants by 2050.

The threat of a third world war. Example: if in the early 1950s of the twentieth century only two countries in the world had nuclear weapons, then by the beginning of the XXI century there are already about a dozen of them. Moreover, some of them are in the state cold war with each other, such as India and Pakistan.

3. Illustrate with three examples the relationship between problems related to the widening gap between developed and Third World countries and the problem of preventing another world war.

As examples illustrating the relationship of problems related to the widening gap between developed countries and countries of the “third world” with the problem of preventing a new world war, the following can be given:

A significant number of local armed conflicts occur in third world countries, some of which have nuclear weapons (for example, the Indo-Pakistani conflict.

Due to the aggravation of the problem of providing raw materials and energy resources, the most developed countries of the world provoke, and sometimes themselves participate in wars for control over sources of raw materials (for example, a war in Persian Gulf or the US-Iraq War).

The poverty of certain regions of the planet contributes to the spread of the most radical, militant ideologies in them, the adherents of which are fighting against developed countries (for example, Islamic terrorist organizations) and etc.

4 . Read the text and do the tasks for it.

“Most of the remaining higher species of plants and animals are now under threat. Those that man has chosen to satisfy his needs have long been adapted to his requirements with the sole purpose of producing for him as much food and raw materials as possible. They are no longer subject to Darwinian law. natural selection, which ensures genetic evolution and fitness wild species. However, those species for which a person could not find direct use are also doomed. Their natural home and their resources have been taken away and ruthlessly destroyed in the purposeful progress of mankind. An equally sad fate awaits the untouched wildlife, which is still needed as habitat habitation of man himself for his physical and spiritual life. Indeed, by violating the ecological balance and irreparably reducing the life-supporting capacity of the planet, a person in this way can eventually deal with his own species no worse than an atomic bomb.

And this is not the only way in which the newly acquired power of man is reflected in his own position. Modern man began to live longer, which led to a population explosion. He learned to produce more than ever before, all kinds of things, and, moreover, in much more short time. Like Gargantua, he has developed an insatiable appetite for consumption and possession, producing more and more, engaging himself in a vicious circle of growth with no end in sight.

A phenomenon was born that began to be called the industrial, scientific, and more often the scientific and technological revolution. The latter began when a person realized that he could effectively and on an industrial scale put into practice his scientific knowledge about the world around. This process is now in full swing and everything is picking up and picking up speed.”

(According to A. Peccei)

1) Plan the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

3) Suggest why the constant growth of production and consumption threatens the future of mankind. Make two guesses.

5) In 1900, the population of the Earth reached 1650 million people; in 1926 it amounted to 2 billion people; the third billion took 34 years; the next billion was added in 14 years; then - for 13; the increase in the population from 5 to 6 billion people took 12 years and ended in 1999. What idea of ​​the author does the above facts illustrate? What is the danger of the continued growth of the world's population?

1. Text plan:

The influence of modern man on nature.

The growth of human needs.

Scientific and technological revolution.

Those species (species of plants and animals) that man has chosen to satisfy his needs have long been adapted to his requirements with the sole purpose of producing for him as much food and raw materials as possible.

Those species for which man could not find direct use are doomed, because the natural habitat and their resources have been taken away and ruthlessly destroyed in the purposeful progress of mankind forward.

A sad fate awaits the untouched wilderness, which is still needed as a natural habitat for man himself for his physical and spiritual life.

3. Two guesses:

The growth of production and consumption leads to the search for additional resources, which leads a person to the most remote and untouched corners. wildlife. In turn, this violates the already precarious balance of man and wildlife.

The constant growth of production and consumption will be accompanied by an increase in waste, which can lead to a global environmental catastrophe. For example, increasing emissions carbon dioxide into the atmosphere threatens with a "greenhouse effect".

The struggle for the redistribution of resources is the "third world war."

Two major achievements of the NTR:

the Internet;

mobile connection.

Such facts illustrate the following idea of ​​the author: "Modern man began to live longer, which led to a population explosion."

The danger is in the coming overpopulation of the planet, which will not have enough resources to feed so many people. This threatens humanity with new wars, social cataclysms and other troubles.

Wild nature allows a person to enjoy the feeling of beauty, to feel harmony with nature, to experience a sense of peace, etc.

taking place in modern conditions The information revolution creates real technical and technological foundations for solving global problems. An economy based on a combination of market mechanisms and state regulation of spontaneous economic processes is becoming more widespread, allowing for effective social protection of the population, overcoming the conflict between production efficiency and social interests of people.

Arguments:

Gradually, the idea of ​​non-violence, the solution of emerging problems not by force, but by negotiations, the search for compromises, is gradually being affirmed in the minds of politicians and the idea of ​​non-violence is becoming a reality. The irreconcilable ideological confrontation, which turned into a psychological war, is becoming a thing of the past. The foundations for tolerance and mutual cooperation within the world community are gradually being strengthened, which creates the conditions for joint action to solve global problems.

Problems that do not concern any particular continent or state, but the entire planet, are called global. As civilization develops, it accumulates more and more of them. Today there are eight main problems. Consider the global problems of mankind and ways to solve them.

Ecological problem

Today it is considered the main one. For a long time, people used the resources given to them by nature irrationally, polluted the environment around them, poisoned the Earth with a variety of waste - from solid to radioactive. The result was not long in coming - according to most competent researchers, environmental problems in the next hundred years will lead to irreversible consequences for the planet, and hence for humanity.

Already now there are countries where this issue has reached a very high level, giving rise to the concept of a crisis ecological region. But the threat looms over the whole world: ozone layer, protecting the planet from radiation, is destroyed, the climate of the earth is changing - and man is unable to control these changes.

Even the most difficult person cannot solve the problem alone. developed country, so that states unite to jointly solve important environmental problems. The main solution is considered to be reasonable use of natural resources and the reorganization of everyday life and industrial production so that the ecosystem develops naturally.

Rice. 1. Threatening scale of the environmental problem.

demographic problem

In the 20th century, when the world's population passed the six billion mark, everyone heard about it. However, in the 21st century, the vector has shifted. In short, now the essence of the problem is this: there are fewer and fewer people. A competent family planning policy and improvement of the living conditions of each individual will help to solve this issue.

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food problem

This problem is closely related to demographic and consists in the fact that more than half of humanity is experiencing acute food shortages. To solve it, it is necessary to use the available resources for food production more rationally. Experts see two ways of development - intensive, when the biological productivity of existing fields and other lands increases, and extensive - when their number increases.

All global problems of mankind must be solved together, and this one is no exception. The food issue arose because most of people live in unsuitable areas. Combining the efforts of scientists from different countries significantly speed up the decision process.

Energy and raw materials problem

The uncontrolled use of raw materials has led to the depletion of mineral reserves that have accumulated for hundreds of millions of years. Very soon, fuel and other resources may disappear altogether, so scientific and technical progress is being introduced at all stages of production.

The issue of peace and disarmament

Some scientists believe that in the very near future it may happen that it will not be necessary to look for possible ways to solve the global problems of mankind: people produce such an amount of offensive weapons (including nuclear) that at some point they can destroy themselves. To prevent this from happening, world treaties on the reduction of armaments and the demilitarization of economies are being developed.

The problem of people's health

Humanity continues to suffer from deadly diseases. The advances of science are great, but untreatable diseases still exist. The only solution is to continue Scientific research in search of drugs.

The problem of using the oceans

The depletion of land resources has led to an increase in interest in the oceans - all countries that have access to it use it not only as biological resource. Both the mining and chemical sectors are actively developing. This gives rise to two problems at once: pollution and uneven development. But how are these issues resolved? At the moment, scientists from all over the world are engaged in them, who are developing the principles of rational oceanic nature management.

Rice. 2. Industrial station in the ocean.

The problem of space exploration

To master outer space, it is important to unite efforts on a global scale. Recent studies are the result of the consolidation of the work of many countries. This is the basis for solving the problem.

Scientists have already developed a mock-up of the first station for settlers on the moon, and Elon Musk says that the day is not far off when people will go to explore Mars.

Rice. 3. Model of the lunar base.

What have we learned?

Humanity has many global problems that can ultimately lead to its death. These problems can be solved only if efforts are consolidated, otherwise the efforts of one or several countries will be reduced to zero. Thus, civilizational development and the solution of problems of a universal scale are possible only if the survival of man as a species becomes higher than economic and state interests.

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