Level or level of education. What are the types of education in the Russian Federation

is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that do not depend on each other. An institution of each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. Thus, in Soviet times, the education system worked under single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is variability educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, modern Russian system education remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational education. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state as a whole, and the individual in particular.

Levels of education:

general education;
professional;
higher.

General education

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive each level general education free of charge in all state institutions. The levels of general education are:

preschool;
school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

initial;
main;
average.

Each of the steps prepares for the development of the educational program of the next level.

The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students for the development of the school curriculum, and also provides initial knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in the development of educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, as well as the preschool stage, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and state language, as well as the formation of propensities for certain activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently cognize the world around.

Professional education

The levels of vocational education are as follows:

initial
average;
higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there, both after the 9th grade, and after graduating from the 11th.

The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, one can master the basic level of the future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific stage. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.

And finally higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in the most various fields. This level of education has its sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

undergraduate;
specialty
magistracy.

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of study. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the initial level, which is mandatory for obtaining the rest.

Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions like universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms learning. You can study:

in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
in absentia, independently studying the course material and taking sessions;
part-time, when training can be conducted on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study on the job);
as an external student, here you can finish your studies when you see fit (it assumes the issuance of a state diploma, however, it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated by law. normative documents different nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each overcome educational level.

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia ( the federal law"On Education in the Russian Federation" adopted State Duma December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of prerequisites learning activities, preservation and strengthening of children's health preschool age. Educational programs up to school education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting professional activity.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development person and aims to train skilled workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. Standard provision "On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” the following definitions are given: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher education are allowed to study residency programs medical education or higher pharmaceutical education. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree is more high level higher education, which is acquired for 2 additional years after graduation from the bachelor's degree and involves a deeper development theoretical aspects areas of training, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main task of the master's program is to prepare professionals for successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and graduation defense are provided. qualifying work- master's thesis.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.

According to the law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and professional. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:

The second type is divided into the following subspecies:

Pre-school education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future in the assimilation of school material. This includes the primary elements of writing and oral speech, basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

Both municipal and private institutions of preschool education are successfully functioning in the Russian Federation. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home, not sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that children who did not attend preschool institutions is getting bigger every year.

Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences.

The main task of basic education is the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activity, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student should develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

Secondary education aims to teach to think rationally, to make independent choices, various sciences are studied more deeply. A clear idea of the world and the social role of each student in it is also formed. As never before, it's important pedagogical the influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

In Russian federation professional education levels are divided into the following subtypes:

Primary education is provided by institutions that provide working professions. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions both on the basis of 9th and 11th grades.

Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The first train specialists basic level, the latter implement a system of in-depth training. You can enter a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 classes, some institutions can only be entered after 9 or only after 11 classes (for example, in medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained according to a reduced program.

Higher education provides training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges) are engaged in the training of specialists. Higher education is divided into the following levels:

Bachelor's degree is a mandatory level for obtaining the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time and external.

In the world, students are trained great amount educational institutions and different countries.

One of the best systems works in the USA, more than 500 thousand foreign students study in the institutions of this country. the main problem American system education is a high cost.
Quite high educational level higher educational institutions of France also offer, education in the universities of this country, as in Russia, is free of charge. Students only have to provide their own maintenance.
In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country is that there is no division into bachelor's and specialist's degrees in the legal and medical industries.
In England, the term Higher Education is only used to refer to institutes or universities where graduates receive a doctoral or academic degree.
Also, education in China has recently become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.

The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.

The academic reputation of the university, including scientific activity and quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)
The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).
General citation of scientific publications, normalized relative to different areas of research (analysis data of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five year period).
Ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (analysis data of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).
The volume of funding for university research activities in relation to the number of faculty members (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
The volume of funding by third-party companies for the research activities of the university in relation to the number of faculty members.
The ratio of public funding for research activities to the total research budget of the university.
The ratio of the teaching staff to the number of students.
The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.
The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local students.
The ratio of defended dissertations (Ph.D.) to the number of teaching staff.
The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors going to the title of master.
Average remuneration of a member of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized to purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The maximum score that the studied university can receive is 100 points.

per level teaching activities, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified teachers The university can get a maximum of 30 points.
For the scientific reputation of the university, a maximum of 30 points is given.
For citation scientific papers- 30 points.
For development innovative projects, attracting investments to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.
For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world to its ranks - 7.5 points.

1) preschool education;

4) secondary general education.

Article 10. Structure of the education system

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessment of the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life ( continuing education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to the levels of education.

4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity for the simultaneous development of several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, experience practical activities while receiving education.

Commentary on Art. 10 of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

The commented provisions are not new for domestic educational legislation, since the norms on the structure of the education system contained the system-forming acts of educational legislation: the law on education (Article 4) and the law on higher education (Article 4). reworked and synthesized into normative material, taking into account the multi-level nature of education.

1. The commented law proposes new approach to the definition of the education system, taking into account changes in the system educational relations generally. It lies in the fact that:

Firstly, the education system includes all types of existing sets of mandatory requirements for education: federal state educational standards, federal state requirements, as well as educational standards and educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions.

In order to ensure the quality of education, the legislator provides for: federal state educational standards for basic general education and professional programs, including for preschool education, which was not previously provided for. However, this does not mean the need for certification for students at this level. The law introduces a ban on both intermediate and final certification of students in preschool educational organizations;

federal state requirements - for additional pre-professional programs;

educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases provided for by the commented law or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) of Art. 2 of Law N 273-FZ, however, we find a more accurate interpretation of it in Art. 11 of the Law (see commentary to part 10 of article 11 of the Law).

Educational programs are also included in the education system, since they represent a set of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions. Such their allocation is due to the fact that if either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards are developed, the educational program is drawn up on their basis. In the event that these are not available (for additional general developmental and with certain features, for additional professional programs * (14); programs vocational training are developed on the basis of established qualification requirements ( professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this kind of education.

Secondly, the education system includes, along with organizations engaged in educational activities, also teaching staff, students and their parents (legal representatives) (up to the age of majority of the student), which makes them full participants in the educational process. Of course, such a position should be supported by specific rights and guarantees for such subjects. To this end, the legislator introduces Chapter 4, dedicated to students and their parents, and Chapter 5, dedicated to pedagogical, managerial and other employees of organizations engaged in educational activities (Articles 47 and 50 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation).

Thirdly, the education system includes, along with the bodies exercising management in the field of education at all levels of government, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them. The sign of jurisdiction is not singled out; instead, the sign of the creation of a body by the body exercising management in the field of education is introduced. Such a replacement does not bear fundamental differences. At the same time, the former wording "institutions and organizations" could not allow attributing, for example, public councils to the education system.

Fourth, the education system includes organizations that provide educational activities and assess the quality of education. The above is explained by the need to understand the education system as a single inseparable process of the movement of knowledge from the teacher (educational organization) to the student. This process also includes settlement centers for information processing, and attestation commissions, etc. This circle does not include individuals (experts, public observers, etc.).

Fifth, in the education system, in addition to associations of legal entities, public associations includes associations of employers and their associations operating in the field of education. This position is due to the activating direction of the integration of education, science and production; understanding of education as a process culminating in employment and orientation in this regard to the demands of the world of work. Employers take part in the work of educational and methodological associations (Article 19 of the Law), are involved in the conduct of the state final certification for basic professional educational programs, in the conduct of a qualification exam (the result of vocational training) (clause 16 of Article 59, Article 74 of the Law) ; employers, their associations have the right to carry out professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization engaged in educational activities, and make ratings on this basis (clauses 3, 5, article 96 of the Law).

Paragraph 3 of the commented article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of types of education, subdividing it into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training.

Vocational training, despite the seemingly absent "effect" of educational activities - raising the educational qualification of the student, also implies the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it is not mastered.

This system should make it possible to realize the educational needs of a person throughout life, that is, not only the opportunity to get an education at any age, but also to get another profession (specialty). To this end, a variety of educational programs are being introduced.

The system of education levels is being changed, according to which the structure of general education in accordance with the Law includes:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education;

In the structure of vocational education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - training of a specialist, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The main innovation is that: 1) pre-school education is included as the first level of general education; 2) initial vocational education is not singled out as a level; 3) higher professional education absorbs the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel (previously carried out within the framework of postgraduate professional education).

The change in levels of education is caused by the prescriptions of the Bologna Declaration, the International Standard Classification of Education.

The question arises: what are the consequences of changing the system of educational levels?

Modernization of the system of education levels affects the system of educational programs and types educational organizations.

Changes in educational programs repeat the corresponding changes in the levels of education.

At first glance, the introduction of preschool education into the system of educational levels looks frightening. As a rule, this implies the existence of federal state educational standards with confirmation of the results of the development of a preschool educational program in the form of a final certification. However, in this situation, the Law provides for a "large" exception to the rule, which is justified, given the level of psycho-physical development of children in such early age. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students. That is, confirmation of the fulfillment of the requirements of federal state educational standards should not be expressed in the form of testing the knowledge, abilities, skills of pupils, but in the form of reporting by employees of a preschool educational organization on the work done aimed at implementing the requirements of the standard. Pre-school education is now the first level of education, but the legislator does not make it compulsory.

Law N 279-FZ now provides for primary general education, basic general education and secondary general education as separate levels of education. In the former Law N 3266-1, they were the stages of education.

Since the level of initial vocational education "drops out", it is replaced by two programs introduced into secondary vocational education, which are a successful combination of instilling skills in the field of initial vocational education with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform jobs that require the level of secondary vocational education. As a result, the main programs of secondary vocational education are divided into programs for the training of skilled workers and programs for the training of mid-level specialists.

The change in the higher education system leads to its division into several sublevels:

2) specialist training, magistracy;

3) training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The term "professional" itself is no longer applied to higher education, although the latter is still included in the system of vocational education.

The bachelor's, master's and specialist's degrees, which have already become familiar to us, retain their legal significance, now side by side with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel. A specialty, as an educational program, is provided where the standard period for mastering an educational program in a particular area of training cannot be reduced.

It should be noted that in the system of levels of education, the allocation of sublevels is dictated by different tasks. If speak about high school, then here the receipt of primary education is considered as incomplete education and parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive primary, basic general and secondary general education. These levels are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.

The allocation of sublevels in higher education is dictated by the need to indicate the independence of each of them and self-sufficiency. Each of them is evidence of higher education without "subjunctive moods". Judicial practice in this regard, based on the law on education of 1992, in contrast, approaches the assessment of the bachelor's degree as the first level of higher education, insufficient for occupying positions requiring high professional training, for example, a judge. This approach has been implemented in the entire system of courts of general jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation * (15).

Hence, the concept of incomplete higher education can only refer to the fact of an incomplete normative term for mastering one or another educational program of a certain level of education. Consequently, when the educational program in a particular area of training is not fully mastered, it is impossible to talk about passing a specific level of education with the issuance of a document on education, which is also confirmed by judicial practice * (16).

It should be noted that in the regional legislation there are examples of ranking depending on the "level" of education (specialist, master), for example, wage rates. This practice is recognized as inconsistent with the law, since in this case the provisions of Part 3 of Art. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. Art. 3 and 132 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which prohibit discrimination in the sphere of labor, including discrimination in the establishment and change of wage conditions.

Following the logic that each of the "types" of the level of higher education, whether it be a bachelor's degree, a specialist's degree or a master's degree, confirms the completed education cycle, characterized by a certain single set of requirements (Article 2 of the Law, "Basic Concepts"), then no restrictions can be set for one species over another.

However, this statement requires clarification: certain restrictions are already provided for by the Law itself. What regulations do this follow from? We find the answer in Art. 69 "Higher education", which says that persons with a secondary general education are allowed to master undergraduate or specialist programs (types are equated).

Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs. This emphasizes the higher position of the magistracy in the hierarchy of higher education.

However, further we see that the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency, assistantship-internship is possible by persons who have an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree). That is, in this case, we see that the specialist "at the finish line" corresponds in terms of the level of his training to the master's program. But the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel is already the next level of higher education.

Thus, the education system, in accordance with the law on education, is a single system, starting with preschool education and ending with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as the necessary level of education for employment certain types activities or individual positions (for example, residency).

The change in the levels of education led to a change in the types of educational organizations: the expansion of opportunities to create various types of organizations that provide training. In addition to the educational ones themselves, organizations that have educational units in their structure are actively involved in the education system, according to the Law.

Additional education is a type of education and includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education. Each of them involves the implementation of individual educational programs.

Additional educational programs include:

1) additional general education programs- additional general developmental programs, additional professional programs;

2) additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.

The education system exists to realize the human right to education. Each person has a need for education, information, training. The activities of the education system are aimed at meeting this need. The composition of the education system of the Russian Federation is defined in Article 8 of the Law "On Education" (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Structural elements of the Russian education system

Strengthening the role of knowledge, information, their gradual transformation into fixed capital fundamentally change the role of educational institutions in the structure public life modern world. AT last years ideas and concepts of the information society have moved from the sphere of socio-economic, socio-philosophical and sociological research into the sphere of national and international projects formation of the information society. In each of them central location occupies the development of education. From the structure of the education system, educational institutions, their ability to meet the needs of the individual and society in high-quality educational services ah fundamentally depend on the prospects of social development in the modern world.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" by the concept of "education system" combines the following objects: a set of interacting educational programs and educational standards, a network of institutions and organizations implementing them, as well as their management bodies. In this way, education system- this is a controlled network filled with meaningful (educational) activities, the educational process, regulated by programs, carriers of the content of education, organization, motivation of teachers and participants in the process, their interaction; the result of the interaction of individual parts of the infrastructure and the achievement of the goals of education.

The network of educational institutions is a set of diverse and interconnected forms, types and types of educational institutions that carry out educational activities based on educational programs and standards to meet the diverse needs of people and society as a whole in education. Network of educational institutions - important characteristic education systems. Its main properties include: the composition of educational institutions, their functional purpose, the way institutions are interconnected into a single whole.

The network of educational institutions of the Russian Federation is large-scale and qualitatively diverse. In 2000/2004 academic year 140.4 thousand educational institutions functioned in it, in which more than 5.7 million people worked and 33 million people studied. Thus, almost 39 million people currently work and study in educational institutions, which is more than a quarter of the entire population of Russia.

Separate areas of educational activity, depending on the age of consumers of educational services and the level of education provided, are integral part structures of educational institutions, forming sectors, or subsystems, of education according to age and level verticals: for example, the sector of general secondary education, higher education, preschool education, additional education, primary vocational education. At the same time, lifelong education presupposes the interaction of a number of sectors, the existence of a system-forming factor that determines the existence of a single structure of such institutions. The problem of forming an integral structure of educational institutions in Russia is due to the need to maintain the main parameters and continuity in the educational process - from kindergarten to postgraduate retraining. Such interaction and continuity is an extremely complex task, and its solution depends on the joint efforts of governments at all levels.

Until the 90s. 20th century the structure of educational institutions developed in accordance with the goals and objectives of the planning and administrative system. So, in school education there were no socially active subjects of the humanitarian cycle, foreign language was given in very limited "portions", computer science was taught at an extremely low quality level, sometimes even without the use of technology, while in schools developed countries three blocks of subject areas were taught: communicative (mother tongue, foreign languages, informatics); natural science (mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, etc.); social and humanitarian (economics, law, political science, sociology, history, social anthropology). The third subject block of knowledge was practically absent in the Soviet school, only recently it began to be introduced step by step into the Russian school (social science, fundamentals of economic knowledge). On the whole, in terms of its content, Russian education inherited from Soviet education complete desocialization; it does not study the forms of human interaction (an individual, a group of individuals, separate communities, strata, society as a whole, global community).

The educational institution carries out educational process, i.e. works on one or more educational programs, provides maintenance and education of students and pupils.

Educational institutions in their organizational and legal forms can be state, municipal, non-state (private, public and religious associations). The state status of an educational institution (type, type and category of an educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and direction of the educational programs it implements) is established upon its state accreditation.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies educational institutions as non-profit organizations, therefore their names should contain an indication of the nature of educational activities.

Depending on the implemented educational program, the following types of educational institutions are created:

– preschool;

– general education, which includes three stages: primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education;

– primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate professional education;

– additional adult education;

– additional education for children;

– special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities;

– for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

– other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Species names institutions are determined in accordance with the levels of educational programs being implemented and areas of activity. So, preschool educational institution– type of educational institution working on educational programs of preschool education different orientation. It provides education, training, supervision, care and rehabilitation of children aged from 2 months to 7 years. In accordance with this, preschool educational institutions are divided into the following types: kindergarten; a kindergarten of a general developmental type with the priority implementation of one or more areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, physical); a compensatory type kindergarten with the priority implementation of a qualified correction of deviations in the physical and psychological development of pupils; kindergarten supervision and rehabilitation with priority implementation of sanitary-hygienic, preventive and recreational activities and procedures; a kindergarten of a combined type (a composition of a combined kindergarten may include general developmental, compensatory and recreational groups in various combinations); child development center - a kindergarten with physical and mental development, correction and rehabilitation of all pupils.

General educational institutions – institutions that carry out the educational process, i.e. implementing one or more educational programs and providing the maintenance and education of students and pupils. The following types of institutions are being created: primary general education school; basic comprehensive school; secondary school; secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects (a specific subject may be indicated: a foreign language, chemistry, a physical and mathematical or humanitarian profile); lyceum; gymnasium; evening (shift) general education school; education Center; open (shift) general education school; cadet school.

General education boarding schools– institutions created to assist the family in raising children, shaping their skills for independent living, social protection and the comprehensive development of children's creative abilities. Such institutions mainly accept children in need of state support, including children from large and low-income families, children of single mothers who are under guardianship. This type of institution includes: a boarding school for primary education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education with in-depth study of individual subjects; boarding school; boarding school; sanatorium-forest school; sanatorium boarding school.

The main tasks of educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, – this is the creation of favorable conditions, close to home, contributing to the mental, emotional and physical development of pupils; ensuring their medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation; protection of the rights and interests of pupils. Based on the individual characteristics of children (age, diagnosis of the disease), the following types of institutions can operate in the education system: orphanage (for early childhood, preschool, school age, mixed); orphanage-school; boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care; sanatorium orphanage; a special (correctional) orphanage for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities; a special (correctional) boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities. In institutions of this type, the content and education of pupils are carried out on the basis of full state support.

The nomenclature of educational institutions in Russia also includes such a type of institutions as special educational institution for children and adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior. The types of such institutions also depend on the age and health status of pupils: a special general education school; a special (correctional) general education school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities; a special vocational school; special (correctional) vocational school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.

The training of qualified specialists with secondary vocational education is carried out by educational institutions of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institutions). These include: technical schools (colleges, schools); colleges; technical schools-enterprises. A distinctive feature of the college is that it provides an increased (compared to the technical school) level of students' qualifications. The technical school-enterprise conducts educational and professional training of students.

The third stage of professionalization - higher professional education - provides training and retraining of specialists of the appropriate level and satisfies the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education, which are carried out through training in higher educational institutions.

Institutions of higher professional education provide the needs of the individual in acquiring higher education and qualifications in the chosen field of professional activity. This type of institution is divided into: university- a higher educational institution whose activities are aimed at the development of education, science and culture through fundamental scientific research and training at all levels of higher, postgraduate and additional education in a wide range natural sciences, humanitarian and other areas of science, technology and culture; academy; institute. academy, unlike the university, it trains highly qualified specialists and retrains leading specialists in a particular industry (mainly one of the areas of science, technology, culture). Institute is an independent institution of higher education or a structural subdivision of a university (academy), working on professional educational programs in a number of areas of science, technology and culture. At the same time, the structure of education is changing, attempts are being made to move away from the traditional 5-year course of study, dividing it into two stages - undergraduate and graduate.

The main form of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel is postgraduate study on the basis of higher professional education. Persons who have received higher education are given the opportunity to receive postgraduate professional education to improve the level of education, scientific, pedagogical qualifications and obtain an academic degree. Postgraduate professional education can be obtained in postgraduate, residency, adjuncture programs created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions.

Adult education has become an important direction in the work of educational institutions and will obviously develop into an independent service sector, which has its own organizational, theoretical, scientific and methodological features. In most developed countries, adult education functions as a special and rather independent structure. In recent years, institutions have played an important role in adult education abroad. distance education. In Russia, for the time being, various educational institutions are engaged in the education and retraining of the adult population: evening schools, vocational schools, vocational training courses, correspondence and evening secondary specialized educational institutions; correspondence, evening and day universities; faculties and refresher courses.

Institutions of additional education for adults include, first of all, institutions of additional professional education - advanced training. The functional purpose of this type of institution is to increase the level of professional knowledge of specialists, improve their business qualities and prepare them to perform new labor functions. Based on the implemented educational programs (advanced training, internships, professional retraining), various types of institutions are being created: academies; sectoral, intersectoral and regional institutions for advanced training, institutions for improvement; advanced training courses (schools, centers); training centers employment services.

main destination institutions of additional education for children - development of personal motivation, mainly at the age of 6 to 18 years, to knowledge and creativity, organization of meaningful leisure for children. The list of types of institutions belonging to this type is so large that they should be classified into enlarged groups: palaces, houses and centers of children's and youth creativity; stations young technicians, tourists, naturalists; centers of additional education for children of traditional culture, folk crafts; schools for various types of arts; sports schools, including the Olympic reserve; clubs for young sailors, border guards, paratroopers, etc. In the 2003/2004 academic year, there were 8.7 thousand institutions of additional education for children in Russia, where 9 million children studied and 203.6 thousand adults worked.

In addition to educational institutions, the education system also includes a wide network of institutions that provide the educational process, the so-called other institutions. First of all, these are scientific and methodological centers, medical, psychological and pedagogical services, film and video libraries, centralized accounting departments, technical supervision services for the overhaul and construction of educational facilities, services for the maintenance of buildings.

In every country, the educational process plays an undeniably important role in the formation of personality. The main goal of education is the upbringing and training of a person, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, experience and competence. Various types of education contribute to the professional, moral and physical development of the individual.

What are the types of education in Russia?

The Law "On Education" states that the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected level system.

There are the following main stages of education:

preschool;
primary school;
basic school;
secondary school (complete).

Note: according to the law "On Education", from 01.09.2013. preschool education is a part of general education, and the terms “general” and “school” have ceased to be equivalent (synonymous) concepts from a legal point of view.

2. Professional:

secondary vocational;
higher (bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree);
training of highly qualified personnel.

General education

Pre-school (or pre-school) education is intended for children up to 7 years of age, the purpose of which is to educate, general development, teaching children, as well as monitoring and caring for them. It is carried out in specialized institutions: nurseries, kindergartens, centers early development or at home.

Primary general school education lasts 4 years (from grades 1 to 4), giving the child basic knowledge in basic subjects.

The main one is 5 years (from grade 5 to grade 9), which involves the development of the child in the main scientific areas. After the 9th grade, students pass mandatory tests in the form of the Unified State Examination in certain subjects.

These two levels of schooling are compulsory for all children according to their age. After the 9th grade, the student has the right to leave the school and continue his studies at the chosen secondary special educational institution (hereinafter referred to as the SPSS) (responsibility for such a decision lies with the parents or guardians).

Full school education implies a further two-year high school education, the main purpose of which is to prepare future graduates for entering a university.

Professional education

SPUZ are subdivided into technical schools and colleges. In educational institutions (state and non-state), students are trained in existing specialties for 2-3 (sometimes 4) years. Some SPUZs can be entered after grade 9, others after grade 11 (medical colleges).

In Russian universities, higher education can be mastered after receiving secondary school education (after 11 grades) under bachelor's and specialist's programs. After successfully mastering these programs, you can continue your studies in the magistracy.

According to the Bologna system of education, soon the specialist should cease to exist.

In addition to secondary vocational and higher education, there are types of education that train highly qualified personnel in graduate school (or postgraduate studies) and residency. There are also programs of assistantship-internship for the preparation of creative and pedagogical figures of the highest qualification.