International organizations. Company Core Competencies Organizations General Competencies
FEDERAL FISHING AGENCY
KAMCHATKA STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
CORRESPONDENCE FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT
CONTROL WORK ON DISCIPLINE
"WORLD ECONOMY"
OPTION NUMBER 4
TOPIC:International organizations of general competence and their activities in the field of economic cooperation: Council of Europe; Commonwealth of Nations; League of Arab States; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe - OSCE.
Performed Checked
Student of group 06AUs IO head
Distance form of education of the Department of Economics and Management
Miroshnichenko O.A. Eremina M.Yu.
record book code 061074-ZF
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
Introduction. page 3 - 5
Council of Europe. pages 6 - 12
Commonwealth of Nations. pp. 13 – 15
League of Arab States. pp. 15 – 18
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe - OSCE
pp. 19 – 26
Bibliography.
Introduction.
In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role as a form of cooperation between states and multilateral diplomacy.
Since the establishment of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine in 1815, international organizations have been endowed with their own competence and authority.
Modern international organizations are characterized by further expansion of their competence and complication of the structure.
Currently, there are more than 4 thousand international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental. At the center of them is the UN.
An interstate organization is characterized by the following features:
state membership;
existence of a constituent international treaty;
permanent bodies;
respect for the sovereignty of member states.
Taking into account these signs, it can be stated that an international intergovernmental organization is an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals, having permanent bodies and acting in the common interests of member states while respecting their sovereignty.
The main feature of non-governmental international organizations is that they were not created on the basis of an interstate agreement (for example, the Association of International Law, the League of Red Cross Societies, etc.).
According to the nature of membership, international organizations are divided into interstate and non-governmental. According to the circle of participants, international organizations are divided into universal (UN, its specialized agencies) and regional (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States). International organizations are also subdivided into organizations of general competence (UN, OAU, OAS) and special (Universal Postal Union, International Labor Organization). Classification according to the nature of powers makes it possible to single out interstate and supranational organizations. The vast majority of international organizations belong to the first group. The goal of supranational organizations is integration. For example, the European Union. From the point of view of the procedure for joining them, organizations are divided into open (any state can become a member at its own discretion) and closed (admission with the consent of the founders).
International organizations are created by states. The process of creating an international organization takes place in three stages: the adoption of a constituent document, the creation of the material structure of the organization, and the convening of the main bodies.
The first step involves convening an international conference to develop and adopt the text of the treaty. Its name may be different, for example, statute (League of Nations), charter (UN, OAS, OAU), convention (UPU, WIPO).
The second stage involves the creation of the material structure of the organization. For these purposes, specially trained bodies are most often used, which prepare draft rules of procedure for future bodies of the organization, process the entire range of issues related to the creation of headquarters, etc.
The convening of the main organs completes the arrangements for the creation of an international organization.
Council of Europe.
It is an international regional organization uniting the countries of Europe. The Charter of the Council was signed in London on May 5, 1949, and entered into force on August 3, 1949. The Council of Europe was founded in 1949 and currently includes 41 states. The purpose of this organization is to achieve rapprochement between the participating States by promoting the expansion of democracy and the protection of human rights, as well as cooperation in matters of culture, education, health, youth, sports, law, information, environmental protection. The main bodies of the Council of Europe are located in Strasbourg (France).
The Council of Europe plays an important role in the development of common European legislation and, in particular, in addressing legal and ethical problems arising from scientific and technological progress. The activities of the Council of Europe are aimed at developing conventions and agreements, on the basis of which the unification and changes in the legislation of the member states are subsequently carried out. Conventions are the main elements of interstate legal cooperation that are binding on the states that have ratified them. The number of conventions related to the legal support of entrepreneurial activity includes the convention on laundering, detection, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime.
Twice (in 1993 and 1997) meetings of the heads of state and government of the countries of the Council of Europe were held. Within the framework of the Committee of Ministers, which is the highest body of the organization and meets twice a year as part of the foreign ministers of the member countries, the political aspects of cooperation in these areas are discussed and recommendations are adopted (on the basis of unanimity) to the governments of the member countries, as well as declarations and resolutions on international political issues related to the sphere of activity of the Council of Europe. The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, recently created as an organ of the Council of Europe, aims to promote the development of local democracy. Several dozens of committees of experts organize intergovernmental cooperation in areas falling within the competence of the Council of Europe.
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which is an advisory body of the Council of Europe, and in which parliamentarians of national legislative bodies (including from opposition parties) are represented, is very active. The Parliamentary Assembly is an advisory body and has no legislative powers. It consists of representatives of the parliaments of the member states of the Council of Europe. Each national delegation is formed in such a way that it represents the interests of various political circles of its country, including opposition parties. It is the main initiator of the activities carried out by the Council of Europe and holds its plenary meetings three times a year, adopting by majority vote recommendations to the Committee of Ministers and national governments, organizing parliamentary hearings, conferences, colloquia, forming various committees and subcommittees, study groups, etc. supervising the following economic and social areas:
economic and development issues;
agriculture and rural development;
science and technology;
social issues;
environment.
Significant political role Secretary General The Council of Europe, which is elected by the Parliamentary Assembly, organizes the day-to-day work of the organization and speaks on its behalf, making various contacts in the international arena.
In all its main areas of activity, the Council of Europe carries out numerous activities that contribute not only to the development of cooperation between member states, but also to the formation of some common guidelines for them in the organization of public life. The number of representatives from each country (from 2 to 18) depends on the size of its population. The Council of the Assembly consists of the Chairman and 17 deputies. Elections of the President of the Assembly are held every year. The Parliamentary Assembly holds its plenary sessions three times a year. It adopts by a majority of votes recommendations to the Committee of Ministers and the governments of the member states, which form the basis of specific areas of activity of the Council of Europe. The Assembly organizes conferences, colloquia, open parliamentary hearings, elects the Secretary General of the Council of Europe and judges of the European Court of Human Rights. In 1989, the Parliamentary Assembly established the status of a specially invited country to grant it to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe before their admission to full membership. This status is still retained by the Republic of Belarus.
The structure of the Council of Europe includes an administrative and technical secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, who is elected for five years.
The international political confrontation that existed on the continent made it impossible for the socialist countries to participate in the Council of Europe. With the end cold war a new impetus was given to the activities of this organization, prompting it to focus on issues of democratic reforms. As a result, even joining the Council of Europe became an additional incentive for their implementation. Thus, the states newly admitted to the Council of Europe had to undertake the obligation to sign the European Convention on Human Rights, which entered into force in 1953, and to accept the totality of its control mechanisms. The conditions for the accession of new members to the Council of Europe are also the existence of a democratic legal system and the holding of free, equal and general elections. It is also important that many questions of formation civil society in post-socialist countries have become the subject of attention within the framework of the Council of Europe. Among them are the problems of protecting national minorities, issues of local self-government.
The Council of Europe is an authoritative international organization, the mere participation in which serves as a kind of evidence for all member states of their compliance with the high standards of pluralistic democracy. Hence the possibility of influencing those countries that are members of the Council (or candidates for accession to the Council of Europe), where this or that problem arises on this basis. At the same time, this may raise fears of the countries concerned regarding unacceptable interference in their internal affairs. In other words, the activity of the Council of Europe often turns out to be inscribed in one or another international political context and is viewed by the participants primarily through the prism of their immediate foreign policy interests; Naturally, quite serious collisions can arise as a result. This happened more than once in practice, for example, in connection with the internal political situation in Turkey in Belarus, the problem of the rights of the Russian-speaking population in some Baltic countries, the separatist movement in Chechnya (Russia), when discussing the issue of Croatia joining the Council of Europe.
Article 52 of the UN Charter provides for the establishment and operation of regional arrangements or bodies to resolve issues relating to international peace and security. At the same time, such bodies should be suitable for regional action, and their activities should be compatible with the purposes and principles of the UN. States that have entered into relevant agreements and established such bodies should make every effort to peacefully resolve local disputes through such regional bodies before referring these disputes to the Security Council. In turn, the UN Security Council should encourage the development of this institution both on the initiative of the states concerned and on its own initiative. Where necessary, the Council may use regional arrangements or bodies for enforcement action under its own direction. Finally, in accordance with Article 54 of the Charter, he must always be fully informed of the actions being taken or planned to maintain peace and security at the regional level.
Thus, the UN Charter assigns a significant role to regional organizations in achieving the main statutory goal of the Organization. More than half a century of practice has confirmed the viability of this institution. Moreover, regional international structures everyone started playing big role in coordinating cooperation between states in other areas: economic, social, humanitarian, etc. In fact, several existing international organizations of general competence can be considered as a kind of "regional UN", which solve a whole complex actual problems international relations in the respective region. The most authoritative of them are ASEAN, Arab League, OAS, OAU, OSCE, etc.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by five founding states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. Later, ASEAN included Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and other countries. The main documents regulating the cooperation of states within the framework of ASEAN are the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in Southeast Asia signed in 1976 on the island of Bali and the ASEAN Declaration of Consent, as well as the Singapore Declaration of 1992. During the Cold War, ASEAN was the object of a struggle for the influence of the two world social systems.
The goals of ASEAN are: 1) organizing cooperation between member states in the economic, social and other fields; 2) to promote the establishment of peace and stability in Southeast Asia. The main form of cooperation between member states is regular meetings and consultations of authorized officials: heads of state, foreign ministers, heads of various departments, etc. In fact, ASEAN coordinates a very wide range of issues, which includes both the development of a common approach to political problems, and and development mutually beneficial relationship in certain sectors of the economy, environmental protection, the fight against crime, counteracting the spread of drugs, etc.
The highest body of the organization is the Meeting of Heads of State and Government, where the most important issues of regional partnership are discussed and major decisions are made. Each participating State is represented at such summits. Meetings are held once every three years in turn in each country in alphabetical order.
The ASEAN Regional Forum on Security Issues (ARF) has also been operating since 1994. Its work is attended by officials not only of the ASEAN states, but also of the organization's partner countries, the number of which is steadily growing. In fact, two blocks of issues are resolved at the forum at once: on the one hand, coordination of cooperation between ASEAN states in the field of strengthening security, on the other hand, coordination of positions between ASEAN and third countries, contacts with largest states peace.
The permanent body of ASEAN is the Standing Committee, which performs the functions of an executive and coordinating body that ensures the implementation of decisions taken within ASEAN and signed documents. The Committee includes employees of the foreign policy departments of the ASEAN member states: their ambassadors in the country of the chairman of the organization, as well as the heads of the ASEAN national secretariats that are part of the structure of the Foreign Ministries. The work of the Committee is headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the state in which the last Meeting of Heads of State and Government took place. Periodically (once a year) within the framework of ASAEN, meetings of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs are held, which for the duration of the meeting assume the functions of the Standing Committee.
The current organizational work is carried out, in addition, by the ASEAN Secretariat, headed by General Secretary.
ASEAN actively cooperates with states and organizations that are not members of it, but are interested in maintaining peace and stability in the region. Representatives of the respective countries regularly participate in meetings and consultations held within the framework of the organization. Recently, this cooperation has begun to take on institutional forms: in many states, appropriate committees and other bodies are being created, which, as a rule, include diplomats from ASEAN countries. In particular, the USA, China, Japan, Russia, Korea, Canada, the European Union, etc. have the status of ASEAN permanent partners. Cooperation between ASEAN and the Republic of Kazakhstan is developing rather intensively.
Arab League (LAS) was established in 1945 in Cairo, when the Conference of Arab States adopted the main founding document - the Pact of the League. In accordance with it, the goals of the organization are:
Ensuring closer relations between Member States;
Coordination of political actions of member states;
Organization of cooperation in economic, financial, trade, cultural and other fields;
Ensuring the independence and sovereignty of the Member States;
Consideration of all issues affecting the Arab states and their interests.
In fact, the main activity of the LAS is very for a long time was to ensure the sovereignty of the Arab states, which is associated with the tense international situation in the region. All independent Arab countries, of which there are currently more than twenty, can be members of the Arab League. At the same time, the Palestinian Liberation Organization and one non-Arab state (Somalia) are members of the Arab League. In 1979, Egypt's membership in the Arab League was suspended, which was associated with the signing of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
The main organs of the Arab League are the Council, the Conference of Heads of State and Government, and the General Secretariat. The Council of the League is a sessional plenary body composed of representatives of each member state. The main organizational and legal form of the Council's activity is regular sessions, which are convened twice a year.
According to the 1945 Pact, the decisions of the Council are binding only on those States that voted in favor of their adoption. The only exceptions are those decisions that concern the internal life of the League (budget, personnel, etc.) - they are made by a majority of votes and are binding on all members of the League. If any decision is taken by the member states of the Arab League unanimously, it is binding on all.
The Conference of Heads of State and Government has been convened since 1964 to discuss at the highest level the most pressing problems for the countries of the Arab world. The decisions taken at the Conference are an important source regulating the activities of the Arab League and its bodies. The secretariat provides for the current and organizational issues of the League's activities. The headquarters of the Secretariat is located in Cairo.
In addition to those indicated, the structure of the Arab League includes various bodies coordinating cooperation between member states in certain areas of international relations: the Joint Defense Council, the Economic Council, the Legal Committee, the Oil Committee and other specialized bodies.
In most cases, the Arab League seeks to develop a common position of all Arab states on key issues. international issues. Within the framework of the League, a mechanism for the peaceful settlement of disputes between its members, as well as a mechanism for preventing and repelling aggression, has been created and is functioning. As practice shows, the Arab League plays a significant role in modern international relations. The League has permanent observer status with the United Nations.
Organization of American States (OAS) was established in 1948, when its Charter was adopted (entered into force on December 13, 1951 and changed several times). Its creation was a logical continuation of the process of deepening cooperation between the American countries: the Inter-American Conference in Bogotá, which adopted the Charter, was the ninth in a row. In addition to the Charter, the main founding documents of the OAS traditionally include the 1947 Inter-American Mutual Assistance Treaty and the 1948 Inter-American Treaty for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes. The OAS includes more than 30 states of North America, Latin America and the Caribbean.
The objectives of the OAS are:
Maintaining peace and security in the Western Hemisphere;
Settlement of disputes between Member States;
Organization of joint actions against aggression;
Development of cooperation in the political, economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural fields.
The main organs of the OAS are the General Assembly, the Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers, the Defense Advisory Committee, the Permanent Council, the Inter-American Council for Integrated Development, the Inter-American Judicial Committee, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the General Secretariat. In addition, within the framework of the OAS, there are several specialized organizations (for example, the Pan American Health Organization), which are regional analogues of the UN specialized agencies.
The General Assembly is the highest plenary body of the OAS, meeting in its regular sessions once a year. The competence of the General Assembly includes the discussion of the most important issues of inter-American cooperation. The Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers considers situations and problems of an urgent nature and meets as they arise. In fact, this is the body of the organization's rapid response to crisis situations. As a rule, the member states of the OAS are represented in the General Assembly at the level of their foreign ministers.
The Permanent Council is a permanent body (it meets twice a month) that provides general management of the OAS in the period between sessions of the General Assembly. As for the Inter-American Council for Integrated Development, it coordinates all socio-economic programs operating within the framework of the OAS. Both bodies are formed from representatives of all Member States on a parity basis. The seat of the Permanent Council is Washington.
Supreme official The OAS is the Secretary General, who is elected by the Assembly for a non-renewable five-year term. Moreover: according to the regulations, the successor of the Secretary General cannot be a citizen of his state.
Within the framework of the OAS, it was not always possible to satisfactorily resolve issues of maintaining peace and security (for example, due to ideological differences, Cuba was once excluded from the OAS). At the same time, Member States are cooperating closely on issues such as the unification legal systems, protection of individual rights, expansion of cultural ties, etc.
Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established on May 25, 1963. On this day, which is celebrated as Africa Liberation Day, the Charter of the OAU, the main founding document of the organization, was signed in Addis Ababa.
The objectives of the OAU are:
Strengthening the unity and solidarity of African states;
Coordination and strengthening of cooperation between African states in such areas as politics and diplomacy, defense and security, economy, transport, communications, education, culture, etc.;
Sovereignty defense, territorial integrity and independence of African states;
The elimination of all types of colonialism in Africa;
Encouragement of international cooperation in accordance with the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The main organs of the OAU are the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, the Council of Ministers, the Commission for Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration, the Commission of African Jurists, the Liberation Committee, a number of specialized commissions, and the General Secretariat.
The Assembly of Heads of State and Government is the supreme plenary body of the OAU, in which all member states are represented at the highest level. The Assembly meets at its regular meetings once a year, and at the request of 2/3 of its members - at extraordinary sessions. This body is authorized to consider the most important issues of international cooperation of African states and take legally binding decisions based on the results of the discussion. The Assembly closely cooperates with the Council of Ministers, to which it instructs to organize the implementation decisions taken. In the Council, African states are represented, as a rule, by their ministers of foreign affairs, however, depending on the nature of the issues to be decided, other ministers may participate in the work of the Council. The Council of Ministers is the executive body of the OAU and has a sessional procedure: it meets in its sessions twice a year.
The day-to-day work of the OAU is organized by a Secretariat headquartered in Addis Ababa. The remaining organs of the OAU coordinate the cooperation of African countries in various fields, from the peaceful settlement of disputes to cultural exchanges.
The OAU, along with the OSCE, is the largest of all existing regional organizations: it includes more than 50 states. As practice shows, at all major international forums, including General Assembly UN, African states are trying to act as a single bloc in order to better protection special interests of Africa. Corresponding efforts are regularly reflected in various international documents (for example, in the Millennium Declaration, where the interests of Africa are singled out as an independent structural section). According to the Charter of the OAU, this organization adheres to a policy of non-alignment with any military-political blocs. After the final elimination of the colonial system, the activities of the OAU are focused on the implementation of a just world economic order and the solution social problems. Within the framework of the OAU, there is a mechanism peacekeeping operations; The organization has permanent observer status with the UN.
An important milestone in cooperation in Africa was the signing in 1991 of the Treaty on the Establishment of the African economic community, which should result in the creation on the continent of a single market for goods, services and labor, as well as the introduction of a single currency and deepening economic integration.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) formed from among the participating states of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and states that share the goals and principles formulated in the 1975 CSCE Final Act. This name has been used by the organization since January 1, 1995. As for the founding documents of the OSCE, it is rather difficult to determine their exact list, since many of the acts that are important for this structure do not have the form of an international treaty. The most famous of them, in addition to the mentioned final act, are the Charter of Paris for a New Europe of 1990, the Declaration "The Challenge of a Time of Change" of 1992 (Helsinki), the decisions of the Budapest summit meeting of 1994, the documents of the Lisbon (1996) and Istanbul (1999) meetings and some others. In accordance with these acts, the CSCE was transformed into the OSCE with new structure bodies, principles and directions of activity, etc. Since 1993, the OSCE has been granted observer status at the UN.
The very renaming of the CSCE into the OSCE took place at the end of 1994 (at a meeting in Budapest), although already in the Helsinki Documents it was decided to consider the CSCE as a regional agreement in the sense that it is stated in the UN Charter, Chapter 8 of which practically does not distinguish between regional agreements and regional bodies. The member states themselves have repeatedly emphasized in various documents that the renaming of the CSCE does not change its status and the obligations of its participants.
The main objectives of the OSCE are:
Creation of conditions for ensuring lasting peace;
Support for the détente of international tension;
Cooperation in the field of security, disarmament and prevention conflict situations;
Contribution to respect for human rights;
Deepening cooperation in economic, cultural and other fields.
According to the Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe in the 21st Century, adopted on December 3, 1996 in Lisbon, the OSCE is called upon to play a key role in strengthening security and stability in all their dimensions.
The main bodies of the OSCE are the Conference of Heads of State and Government, the Council of Ministers, the Governing Council, the Permanent Council, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, the Center for Conflict Prevention, the High Commissioner on National Minorities, the Parliamentary Assembly and the Secretariat.
The Meeting of Heads of State and Government is a body that resembles an international conference in its form of work. Decisions taken at such meetings (which have been held at various intervals since 1990) determine the direction of cooperation European states set benchmarks for European integration.
The Council of Ministers meets in its meetings, as a rule, once a year. In this body, each state is represented at the level of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Its decisions are more normative, which is why the Council is considered the central governing body of the OSCE. One of the members of the Council during the year is the chairman of the OSCE. As a rule, he works in close contact with the previous and next chairman (the so-called "leading troika"). At present, the question of the forthcoming chairmanship in the OSCE of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2007 is being considered.
Control over the implementation of the decisions of the Council of Ministers and the preparation of the agenda for its meetings is carried out by the Governing Council. He also coordinates the activities of all bodies that are part of the OSCE structure. The meetings of the Governing Body are held in Prague at least twice a year.
On a permanent basis, the Permanent Council operates within the framework of the OSCE, the seat of which is Vienna. The Council, which deals with current OSCE policy matters, is composed of representatives from each participating State. One of the functions of the Permanent Council is to promptly respond in case of emergencies. Also a permanent body is the OSCE Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General. The latter is elected for a term of three years by the Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the Governing Council.
To strengthen regional security, the OSCE operates the Conflict Prevention Center, which is a mechanism for multilateral consultations of member states, and also coordinates cooperation between states in certain aspects military activities. This structure operates in close contact with the Council of Ministers. The location of the Center is Vienna.
Mention should also be made of such a specific structure as the OSCE Forum for Security Co-operation, which is responsible for preventing possible conflict situations with the participation of OSCE member states and strengthening confidence-building measures in the region.
53 states are currently members of the OSCE, including the Republic of Kazakhstan.
test questions
1. List the constituent documents of the CIS.
2. What is the legal nature of the Commonwealth of Independent States?
3. Name the main bodies of the CIS and describe their competence.
4. What are the main problems of the functioning of the CIS in present stage?
5. Describe the structure of the European Union.
6. What should be understood as EU law?
7.What views on the nature of the EU exist in the doctrine of international law?
8.Tell us about the status of international regional organizations of general competence (OAU, Arab League, OAS, ASEAN, OSCE).
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Autonomous organizations of the OECD
One of the most powerful organizations in the OECD system is the "Group Big Seven", created in 1975 with the aim of solving global financial and currency issues at the level of heads of government of the leading Western countries. In 1997, Russia joined this organization, and the group became known as the "Big Eight" (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan, Russia).
At the meetings of the organization, issues of achieving a balanced growth dynamics of the main exchange rates, coordinating and harmonizing economic development strategies, developing a common economic course leading countries of the world.
An autonomous body within the OECD is the International Energy Agency (MEA), established in 1974, with the participation of all OECD member countries, with the exception of Iceland and Mexico.
The organizational structure of the MEA includes: the Governing Council, which consists of high-ranking representatives of each state responsible for energy issues; permanent groups and special committees (on issues of long-term cooperation in the field of energy, emergencies, oil markets, etc.); The secretariat, composed of experts in the field of energy, performs support functions.
The main goals and objectives of the MEA:
Cooperation on the development and use of various energy sources;
Measures to improve the efficiency of energy use;
Ensuring the continuous functioning of the information system on the state of the international oil market;
Establish cooperation with non-MEA countries and international organizations to address global problems energy development;
Improving the system for overcoming violations in the supply of electricity.
The OECD system also includes the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), formed in 1958 with the participation of OECD member countries, with the exception of New Zealand and the Republic of Korea. The purpose of this organization is cooperation between the governments of the participating countries in the use of nuclear energy as a safe, economical source.
The main functions of the Nuclear Energy Agency include: - assessment of the contribution of nuclear energy to the overall energy supply; - Development of a system for the exchange of scientific and technical information; - Organization international studies, preparation of programs for the development of nuclear energy; - Encourage cooperation to harmonize policies and practices in the regulation of nuclear energy (protection of people from radiation and protection of the environment).
The organizational structure of the Agency includes the following units: Council of the OECD; Executive Committee for Nuclear Energy; five specialized committees (on the development of nuclear energy and the fuel cycle; on the regulation of activities in the field of nuclear energy; on the safety of nuclear devices, on radiation protection; on health protection).
International organizations of general competence within economic cooperation
Organizations of general competence include organizations formed after the collapse of colonial empires or as a result of the macro-regionalization of world economic relations.
The most important of them are the Council of Europe, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Nordic Cooperation Organization, the League of Arab States, the Organization for Security and Cooperation, the Organization of the Islamic Conference.
1. The Council of Europe (consisting of 46 countries, founded in 1949) is a broad-based organization that covers such areas of activity: human rights, means mass media, cooperation in legal area, social and economic issues; healthcare, education, culture, youth, sports, environmental protection. The Council of Europe develops pan-European conventions and agreements, which are the basis for appropriate changes in national legislation with a view to harmonizing them.
Ukraine has chosen a democratic path of development that meets the standards of the European community. At the headquarters of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg (France) on November 9, 1995, a solemn ceremony of Ukraine's entry into this organization took place. The Council of Europe has developed a number of programs to promote democratic and legal reforms in the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe, for the implementation of which about 10 million US dollars were provided. The programs concerned local self-government, judiciary, and elections. Thus, the program "Demosthenes" provided for an expert analysis of draft bilateral agreements in ensuring the rights of national minorities, Ukraine proposed to conclude new independent states on the territory former USSR. The Council of Europe provides advisory assistance in the development curricula for the training of lawyers in Ukraine (for example, at the Institute of International Relations Kyiv University them. T. Shevchenko). Representatives of our state participate in the work of the main and special committees of the Council of Europe, in particular on human rights, social security, migration, cultural heritage, and the media. Ukrainian experts worked in the committee for legal problems refugees and stateless persons, the rights of national minorities and their linguistic rights. Ukraine has become one of the contracting parties to some conventions of the Council of Europe, the European Cultural Convention, the European Framework Convention on Border Cooperation between Territorial Communities and Authorities, the European Convention on Information Concerning Foreign Legislation, as well as conventions on combating crime and protecting the rights of national minorities.
2. The Commonwealth of Nations (including 53 countries and was formed in 1931) operates in the following main areas: support for political and economic cooperation; promoting the sustainable development of the economies of the participating countries; consulting, representative and information tasks; development and implementation of programs for the development of the Commonwealth; organizing and holding conferences to adopt declarations on various issues of world politics. In 1987, the Declaration on World Trade was adopted; in 1991 - the Declaration of Fundamental Rights.
3. The Nordic Cooperation Organization, including five countries, was established in 1971. its main tasks are: improving the quality and competitiveness of products of the northern region; ensuring environmental protection and environmentally sustainable use natural resources; growth in the level of employment, improvement of working conditions and social security.
4. The League of Arab States (LAS) was established in 1945. its members are 21 Arab countries and the Palestinian Authority. The purpose of the functioning is the thoroughness and coordination of the participating countries in various fields, the protection of national security and independence.
5. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), established in 1975, has 55 countries, the main tasks are 6: achieving sustainable economic development; improving contacts and practical cooperation on environmental protection; promoting international peace and security.
6. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) includes 57 Muslim states. II was established in 1969 with the aim of deepening cooperation in economic, social and scientific issues, holding consultations between participating countries in international organizations, strengthening Muslim solidarity.
When classifying international organizations, various criteria can be applied.
1. By the nature of the members, they can be distinguished:
1.1. interstate (intergovernmental) - participants are states
1.2. non-governmental organizations - unite public and professional national organizations, individuals, for example, the International Red Cross, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the International Law Association, etc.
2. According to the circle of members, international organizations are divided into:
2.1. universal (worldwide), open to the participation of all states of the world (the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations of the UN system (its specialized agencies), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Civil Defense Organization, etc.),
2.2. regional, whose members can be states of one region (Organization of African Unity, European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States).
3. According to the objects of activity, we can say:
3.1. on organizations of general competence (UN, Organization of African Unity, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe)
3.2. special (International Labor Organization, Universal Postal Union). There are also political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and other organizations.
62. Legal nature of an international organization
An international intergovernmental organization has a derivative and functional legal personality and is characterized by the following features.
First, it is created by states that fix their intention in a constituent act - the Charter - as a special version of an international treaty.
Secondly, it exists and operates within the framework of the constituent act that determines its status and powers, which gives its legal capacity, rights and duties a functional character.
Thirdly, it is a permanent association, which is manifested in its stable structure, in the system of its permanent bodies.
Fourth, it is based on the principle of sovereign equality of member states, while membership in the organization is subject to certain rules that characterize the participation of states in the activities of its bodies and the representation of states in the organization.
Fifth, states are bound by the resolutions of the organs of the organization within their competence and in accordance with the established legal force of these resolutions.
Sixth, each international organization has a set of rights inherent in a legal entity. These rights are fixed in the constituent act of the organization or in a special convention and are implemented subject to the national legislation of the state in whose territory the organization performs its functions. As legal entity she is competent to enter into civil law transactions (conclude contracts), acquire property, own and dispose of it, initiate cases in court and arbitration, and be a party to litigation.
Seventh, an international organization has privileges and immunities that ensure its normal activities and are recognized both at the location of its headquarters and in any state in the exercise of its functions.
For the legal nature of international organizations, it is characteristic that its common goals and principles, competence, structure, area of common interest have an agreed contractual basis. Such a basis is the statutes or other constituent acts of international organizations, which are international treaties. The question of the relationship between state sovereignty and the general goals and interests of the organization is resolved in its founding act.
Main characteristics of regional organizations:
ü the spatial unity of the Member States, their location within a more or less integral geographical region;
ü spatial limitation of the goals, objectives and actions of member states.
In addition to regional IMPOs, in modern world exists a large number of subregional organizations of general and special competence. When creating such MMPOs, their founders are guided not by the interests of geographical regions, but by the principle of specific interests.
Arab League (LAS). Any independent Arab state can become a member of the League. The members of the Arab League are the non-Arab states of Somalia and Djibouti, which brings the structure of the League closer to the sub-regional IMGOs. The goals of the Arab League are cooperation between member states, coordination of their political actions, ensuring their independence and sovereignty.
Organization of African Unity (OAU). Any independent and sovereign African state (about 50 members) can be a member of the OAU. The main goals are the condemnation of politically motivated killings and subversive activities; a commitment to the complete liberation of African states; absolute non-alignment with any military blocs.
Organization of American States (OAS). Members of the OAS are more than 30 states of Latin America and the Caribbean, the USA and Canada.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Members are the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Indonesia, Kampuchea. Goals - creation a region of peace, freedom and neutrality; cooperation of states; establishment of a free trade zone.
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Sub-regional organization of general competence - all Muslim states located in different regions can be members of the OIC. Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries have the right to send their representatives to the DEC as observers.
Over 50 states are members of the OIC. The objectives of the OIC are to strengthen Muslim solidarity; unification of Muslim peoples; aid to the people of Palestine; rapprochement of the political positions of Muslim countries.
European Union - established in 1957 on the basis of the Treaty of Rome on the unification of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) and the European Economic Community (EEC). The Maastricht Accords (1992) completed the legal process of the European Union. The main goals of the EU are the complete transformation of the common market into an economic and monetary union; formation of a unified foreign policy; the acquisition of a "European defense identity" and the creation of a common EU armed forces.
The EU is an international organization of a special kind: the member states have given up part of their sovereign rights in order to create supranational structures. The Communities that make up the EU are independent IIGOs. International legal personality The EU as a whole has a limited, secondary character compared to the legal personality of the former three European Communities.
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The agreement on the creation of the CIS was adopted in 1991 by the heads of state of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. On December 21, 1991, the heads of 11 states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine) signed the Protocol to the Agreement and the Declaration. In 1993, Georgia joined the founding documents of the CIS. The CIS Charter was adopted in 1993.
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