Presentation on the topic of sugars Andrey Dmitrievich. What education did this famous physicist receive

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“Surrounded by people, he is alone with himself, solves some mathematical, philosophical, moral or global problem and, thinking, thinks deeply about the fate of each specific, individual person.” L. Chukovskaya Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

Childhood and youth Born May 21, 1921 in Moscow. Father - Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, - teacher of physics at the Pedagogical Institute. Lenin. Mother - Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova - the daughter of a hereditary military man. Grandmother on the mother's side Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano - from the kind of Belgorod nobles Mukhanovs. Childhood and early youth passed in Moscow. Elementary education Sakharov got home. I went to school to study from the seventh grade.

Years of study 1938 Upon graduation high school Sakharov entered the Physics Department of Moscow University. 1941 tried to enter military academy but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

First research In 1942, he was placed at the disposal of the People's Commissar of Armaments, sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. In the same year, he made an invention for the control of armor-piercing cores and made a number of other proposals. From 1943 to 1944 he made several scientific papers on his own and sent them to the Physical Institute. Lebedev. At the beginning of 1945 he was enrolled in the graduate school of the institute. In 1947 he defended his PhD thesis.

Contribution to science In 1948 - 1968 he was enrolled in a special group, worked in the development of thermal nuclear weapons. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty in three areas. 1953 Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. At the age of 32 he was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. One of the creators hydrogen bomb(1953) in the USSR. Written works on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravity.

Public activity in the 1950s actively advocated an end to nuclear weapons testing. 1960s one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. 1970 became one of the three founding members of the "Moscow Committee of Human Rights" (together with Andrey Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze). In 1974, he held a press conference, at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. 1975 Sakharov was awarded Nobel Prize peace. In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and around the world. In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the introduction Soviet troops to Afghanistan.

Publications In 1968, he wrote the pamphlet Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom, which was published in many countries. In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a Memorandum. In 1975 he wrote the book "On the Country and the World".

Link to Gorky On January 22, 1980, he was exiled to the city of Gorky without trial, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR he was deprived of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times and by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes. In Gorky, Sakharov spent three of the longest hunger strikes: in 1981, a seventeen-day hunger strike (together with Elena Bonner) - for the right to go to her husband abroad, the Sakharovs' daughter-in-law, whom the KGB held in Moscow as a hostage; in May 1984 - 26 days - in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - 178 days - for the right of E. Bonner to go abroad for heart surgery. Sakharov was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed. He was released from Gorky's exile only with the beginning of perestroika, in December 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov ANDREY DMITRIEVICH
SUGAR
SHOULD A SCIENTIST BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR INVENTIONS
KADYROVA ELVIRA KURBANOVNA
TEACHER OF HISTORY AND SOCIAL STUDIES GBOU RK "CRIMEAN
BOARDING GYMNASIUM FOR GIFTED CHILDREN»

BIOGRAPHY

ORIGIN AND EDUCATION

Scientific work

Draft new constitution of the USSR

a family

Contribution to science

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Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

Biography

Completed by a 9th grade student




Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist.

Biography:

Born in Moscow. His father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a teacher of physics at the Lenin Pedagogical Institute, his mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of the hereditary military Alexei Semyonovich Sofiano, a housewife. Grandmother on the mother's side Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano - from the kind of Belgorod nobles Mukhanovs. Childhood and early youth were spent in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school to study from the seventh grade. After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the Physics Department of Moscow University. In the summer of 1941, he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors. In 1943 Sakharov marries Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva. 1945 - admission to the graduate school of the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. P.N. Lebedev, 1947 - defense of the dissertation.

In 1948, Andrei Sakharov was included in a special group for the development of thermonuclear weapons. 1950 - the scientist begins research on a controlled thermonuclear reaction. 1952 - Sakharov puts forward the idea of ​​magnetic cumulation to obtain superstrong magnetic fields. 1953 - after the successful test of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, Andrei Sakharov was elected an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1954 and 1956 - the scientist was awarded the title of "Hero of Socialist Labor".

Sakharov was called the "father" of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. But this dubious title did not please the academician so much as disturbed him - there were too many moral problems behind him. By the end of the 1950s, Andrei Sakharov began to actively protest against nuclear weapons tests.

1961 - the academician works on the idea of ​​laser compression to obtain a pulsed controlled thermonuclear reaction. The same year was marked by the speech of the scientist against nuclear testing eventually lead to his conflict with Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. 1962 - Sakharov for the third time becomes the Hero of Socialist Labor. And in 1963, an international treaty was signed in Moscow to ban nuclear tests in three areas: in the atmosphere, in water and in space. One of the initiators of the consciousness of this document was Academician Sakharov.

1966 - Andrei Sakharov begins to intercede with the government for the repressed. In 1968, the academician wrote an article "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom". In his own words, this moment was "a turning point in fate." The Soviet press reacted to the article with silence for some time, then more and more disapproving responses began to appear one after another. The article was published abroad. Immediately after this, Sakharov was removed from secret work.

1970 - Sakharov, despite the fact that pressure is gradually increasing both on himself and on his relatives, does not get tired of fighting for the rights of the repressed. He becomes one of the founders of the Moscow Committee for Human Rights. In addition, he very boldly speaks out in favor of the abolition of the death penalty, against compulsory treatment in psychiatric hospitals, for the right to emigrate.

In 1975, Academician Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among peoples and for his courageous struggle against abuses of power and any form of suppression of human dignity." In the same year, he writes and publishes the book "On the Country and the World".

1979 - Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Sakharov publicly denounces this move. 1980 - the scientist gives two correspondence interviews to the Western press: one to the German newspaper " Die Welt", the second - the American " The New York Times". In them, Sakharov speaks, among other things, for a boycott of the Moscow Olympics: "The Olympic Committee must refuse to hold the Olympics in a country waging war." Literally the day after the publication of the newspapers, in early January 1980, a government decree was adopted, according to which Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was deprived of all government awards “due to the systematic commission of ... actions discrediting him as a recipient of awards.” On January 2, Sakharov was exiled to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). The place was not chosen by chance - this city was closed to foreigners. In Gorky, the academician is actually isolated from society, constantly guarded by the police. The relatives and friends of the scientist have a hard time in Moscow, and it comes to the point that, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities towards them, Sakharov declares a hunger strike twice during his “exile”. The work of a human rights activist continues even in isolation. Sakharov writes an article "The Danger of Thermonuclear War", which receives a huge response in the West. A letter was written to Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev stating that it was necessary to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. Gorbachev receives an appeal from an academician about the need to release all prisoners of conscience.

December 1986 - Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev returns Sakharov to Moscow by special order. In February 1987, Andrei Sakharov speaks at international forum"For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind." 1988 - the scientist is elected chairman of the "Memorial" society.

March 1989 - the academician was elected a People's Deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. November of the same year - Sakharov develops and presents in the Kremlin a draft of a new Constitution, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to equal statehood with others.

December 14, 1989 - Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov dies in Moscow. He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov () Scientist, public and political figure, dissident and human rights activist, creator of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and holder of the highest Soviet awards, Nobel Peace Prize winner and disenfranchised exile, People's Deputy and author of the draft Constitution. Of course, he was a global phenomenon.




Humble and kind. A man who did not like to wear new things, Washed dishes, gave his wife flowers and vases, Amazingly knew and loved Pushkin and Blok. A world-famous scientist, who not only invented the hydrogen bomb, but also developed for the future use of thermonuclear energy in peaceful purposes, important works on the development of the Universe, works on elementary particle physics. public and politician, the conscience of the nation, an intellectual and moral leader, one of those who sought to link together technological progress and the priority of the value of human life.





How can we touch his Destiny? How to understand his uncompromising, direct, fearless character? Sakharov left a huge mark on science, history, stories and memoirs of his contemporaries. Andrei Dmitrievich's memoirs and articles were written, his works were published. Let's try to go along with him his way. Perhaps his personality will become clearer and closer to us ...





Andrei Dmitrievich's mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) He knew his family history well, which he later described in his Memoirs. The mother of Andrei Dmitrievich Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of a nobleman and hereditary military Alexei Semyonovich Sofiano, who retired in 1917 with the rank of lieutenant general. Maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna came from an old noble family of the Mukhanovs. Three generations of my father's ancestors were priests, and only my grandfather Ivan Nikolayevich Sakharov broke the tradition and became a lawyer. He was one of the compilers of the collection of articles Against the Death Penalty (1905). Andrei Dmitrievich read this book in childhood, not yet knowing that years later he himself would fight for the abolition of the death penalty. Andrei Dmitrievich's father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, was a teacher of physics at pedagogical institutes, methodologist, author of many textbooks and popularizer of physics.





Childhood years of A. D. Sakharova Big role the atmosphere that reigned in the house played in the formation of the young man. “My childhood was spent in a large communal apartment, where, however, most of the rooms were occupied by the families of our relatives and only a part by outsiders. The traditional spirit of a large strong family was preserved in the house - constant active diligence and respect for labor skills, mutual family support, love for literature and science ”(from A.D. Sakharov’s “Memoirs”). The experiments shown by his father were perceived by 12-year-old Andrei as a dazzling miracle. Favorite reading in those years was science fiction and popular science books, and later, at the age of 14, "quite scientific" books from his father's library. Family holidays on family birthdays, summer trips to the dacha, games of Indians and Cossack robbers, books by Pushkin, Dumas, Jules Verne, Andersen, Mine Reed with an indispensable discussion of what they read - this is how Andrei Dmitrievich remembered his childhood. Young Sakharov entered the school immediately in the 7th grade. Prior to this, learning took place at home. In 1938 Sakharov became a student at the Faculty of Physics at Moscow State University. The faculty was chosen largely under the influence of his father. In 1942 Andrei Sakharov graduated with honors from Moscow State University. He was awarded the qualification of a research worker in the field of physics, a teacher at a university and a technical university, and the title of a secondary school teacher. To a young physicist offered to continue their studies in graduate school. Sakharov refused. He considered it impossible for himself to continue his studies during the war, when he could do something useful for the country.





The beginning of his career At the plant in Ulyanovsk, he met his future wife Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva. “We lived together for 26 years until Klava's death on March 8, 1969. We had three children eldest daughter Tanya ... daughter Lyuba ... son Dmitry ... There were periods of happiness in our life, sometimes for whole years, and I am very grateful to Klava for them, ”Andrei Dmitrievich wrote years later. where he works as an engineer-inventor. During these years, he created and improved several devices, among which was a device for quality control of armor-piercing cores.





Igor' Evgen'evich Tamm Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (FIAN). Big influence on A.D. Sakharov rendered his supervisor an outstanding scientist Igor Evgenievich Tamm. For Sakharov, not only scientific talents were important, but also Tamm's human qualities - honesty, the conviction that "the most important thing is to build, to do something useful", the ability to admit mistakes, his attention to people and willingness to help. Scientific adviser A.D. Sakharova, scientist Igor Evgenievich Tamm. Founder and permanent head of the Theoretical Department of FIAN (1934 - 1971), corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1933) academician (1953), Nobel Prize winner (1958).





1948, August. A. Sakharov makes an alternative proposal for the design of the hydrogen bomb ("puff"). Shortly after the war, FIAN was involved in work on the Soviet nuclear project. 1948, June. A. Sakharov was included in the special theoretical group of IE Tamm at the Lebedev Physical Institute to verify and refine the calculations of the resulting design scheme ("pipe") of the future hydrogen bomb. Working in a group, Andrei Dmitrievich proposed a new unexpected design idea, which was called the "Sakharov puff". V.L. Ginzburg, Deputy I.E.Tamma, doc. physical mat. sciences, prof. Gorky University A.D. Sakharov, Jr. scientific member of FIAN, Ph.D. physical mat. Sciences. OK. 1947





Creation of the hydrogen bomb In August 1953, the first successful test of the Soviet thermonuclear bomb"Sakharov puff". From that moment on, Sakharov became a member of the scientific and technical elite of the USSR. Three times (in 1954, 1956 and 1962) he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, became a laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes, was awarded the Order of Lenin (1954). In October 1953 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He would later write about that time: “I could not help but realize what terrible, inhuman things we were doing. But the war just ended is also an inhuman thing. I was not a soldier in that war, but I felt like a soldier of this, scientific and technical ... ". A.D.Sakharov





I. V. Kurchatov and A. D. Sakharov at the "forester's hut" (Kurchatov's house on the territory of the Institute of Atomic Energy), 1958 Participation in the development of thermonuclear weapons and its testing for Andrei Dmitrievich was accompanied by an increasingly acute awareness of the moral problems generated by this. “Since the end of the 1950s, I have been actively advocating the cessation or limitation of nuclear weapons testing. In 1961, in connection with this, I had a conflict with Khrushchev, in 1962 - with the Minister of Medium Machine Building Slavsky, ”Sakharov recalled.





“... The only specificity in the moral aspect of this problem is the complete impunity of the crime, since in each specific case of a person’s death it cannot be proved that the cause lies in radiation, and also due to the complete defenselessness of descendants in relation to our actions” A. D. Sakharov In 1958 in scientific and popular science articles about radioactive hazard A. D. Sakharov cited his calculations for nuclear tests: the explosion of one megaton of thermonuclear charge will take the lives of 6,600 people over 8,000 years.





The signing of the Moscow Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Tests In the fall of 1962, despite Sakharov's protests and his efforts to prevent this, the USSR tested two powerful thermonuclear devices of similar design at once solely for reasons of interdepartmental competition. In his memoirs, Andrei Dmitrievich wrote about this: “A terrible crime was committed, and I could not prevent it ... I decided that from now on I will mainly focus my efforts on implementing ... the plan to stop testing in three environments.” In 1963, the USSR and the USA signed the Moscow Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Tests in Three Environments, and weapons testing was transferred underground. England and France later joined the treaty. Sakharov was proud of his involvement in the development of this treaty.





Manuscript of the sent letter to N. S. Khrushchev explaining his position on the issues modern biology. Aug “Already at the end of the 50s and especially in the 60s, everyone greater place in my world began to occupy public issues. They forced speeches, actions, relegating to the background many other things, to some extent, science "A.D. Sakharov





The first publicistic work of A. D. Sakharov. April-June Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom One of Sakharov's key works: Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom. The article was written in 1968. In it, he considered global problems threatening the destruction of mankind. The paper formulated the thesis “about the convergence of the socialist and capitalist systems accompanied by democratization, demilitarization, social and scientific and technical progress as the only alternative to the death of mankind. Within 2 years it was published in 17 languages ​​with a total circulation of 18 million copies. Around it and the issues raised in it, a discussion broke out. MANUSCRIPT LAST PAGE





At the courthouse in Lyublino, where Yu. Orlov is on trial. May 1978 Sakharov repeatedly wrote letters against the arbitrariness of the authorities, initiated the collection of signatures under collective documents, for example, under a letter calling for the adoption of a law on the abolition of the death penalty, which in 1972 was sent to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Andrei Sakharov's open letters and speeches in defense of A. Solzhenitsyn, A. Marchenko, S. Kallistratova and many other people who were persecuted by the state required considerable civic courage.











Diploma of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975 was received by E. G. Bonner in Oslo on December 10 However global community highly appreciates the merits of Sakharov. In 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "...an uncompromising struggle against the abuse of power in all its manifestations...". His Nobel lecture was read in Oslo by E. G. Bonner, since Andrei Dmitrievich did not have the right to travel outside the country. “Sakharov fought uncompromisingly and effectively not only against abuses of power in all their manifestations and violations of human dignity, but against equal energy he defended the ideal of a state based on the principle of justice for all. Sakharov convincingly expressed the idea that only the inviolability of human rights can serve as the foundation for a genuine and durable system international cooperation…” Excerpt from the decision of the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament





Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On measures to curb the hostile activities of A. Sakharov". January 3 In January 1980, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov opposed the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. In response, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopts the “Decree on the deprivation of Sakharov A.D. state awards USSR” and “On administrative eviction from Moscow”. Sakharov is deported to Gorky, where he is settled in an apartment equipped with everything necessary for spying on him. Sakharov received no response to applications demanding that he be given the opportunity to defend himself in court. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR did not dare to seriously defend Sakharov. In exile Andrei Dmitrievich continues his social activities and write a few scientific articles, among them "Cosmological Models with a Reversal of the Arrow of Time" (1980).





Walking on the balcony during a hunger strike. Bitter. Between 23 Nov. and December 4 Cut off from the world, deprived of the opportunity to fully participate in scientific and public life Sakharov faces unprecedented pressure on his family. The most pressing issue for him in the first years of exile was the case of his daughter-in-law Liza Alekseeva, who was denied the right by the authorities to go to her husband abroad. On November 22, 1981, Andrei Dmitrievich and Elena Georgievna, unable to obtain permission to leave by official means, went on a hunger strike. Thanks to this, Liza Alekseeva received permission to leave the USSR. In addition to this hunger strike, there were others. Sakharov went on a hunger strike for 178 days with short breaks in 1985, seeking permission for his wife to go abroad for a heart operation and to meet with her relatives. He was forcibly placed in the hospital, artificially fed through a tube, "treated" with unknown drugs.





On the day of return from exile. Moscow. Yaroslavl station. Morning. 23 Dec In 1985 the situation in the country changed. General Secretary The Central Committee of the CPSU was elected M. S. Gorbachev, who began the policy of "perestroika" in the country. In 1986, Sakharov twice appealed to Gorbachev to release prisoners of conscience and end his own isolation. At the end of 1986, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU decided to return Sakharov from exile, and on December 23, after seven years of isolation, A. D. Sakharov and E. G. Bonner returned to Moscow. The last three years of Sakharov's life were extremely stressful. For many people, he became the informal leader of the democratic movement in the USSR. And in the eyes of the KGB, "a generator of oppositional ideas."





At the Forum "For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind". Moscow Feb In February 1987, Sakharov took part in the Moscow Forum "For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind." In December 1987, he became chairman of the commission of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences on space microphysics. In June 1988, he spoke at the first authorized meeting of the Memorial Society, of which he was elected honorary chairman. In October 1988, Sakharov became a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In November-December 1988, A. D. Sakharov made his first trip abroad. And in December, during the crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh and the earthquake in Armenia, he traveled to Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.





On the podium of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR In April 1989, Sakharov was elected to the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, took an active part in the work of the congress and the Interregional Deputy Group, of which he became co-chairman. This was true democratic opposition to the composition of the congress. Sakharov put forward a draft Decree on Power, which canceled Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leading role of the CPSU. In November 1989, as a member of the Constitutional Commission of the Congress, People's Deputy Sakharov presented his draft Constitution of the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. His project turned out to be the only one submitted to the chairman of the commission, Gorbachev, in December Sakharov participated in the work of the II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. On December 14, 1989, after a busy day at work, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died. Thousands of people came to say goodbye to one of the largest scientists and people in the history of the 20th century.





“Andrei Dmitrievich was, of course, primarily a theoretical physicist. It was also characteristic of him, however, that often, having put forward some physical idea, he immediately began to draw sketches of experimental or even industrial installations for its implementation and to make quantitative estimates of possible results. Andrey Dmitrievich's thinking was concrete and figurative, even in the most abstract matters. theoretical physics". L. V. Keldysh, physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences “My brief communication with Sakharov confirmed me in the idea that he was an optimist… In the conditions in which Sakharov lived, great spiritual strength was needed to maintain optimism. Sakharov had it. He did a lot to resolve the conflict between East and West, and we will remember him with gratitude.” E. Teller, American physicist, "father" of the hydrogen bomb. "BUT. D. knew how to feel someone else's pain with his own skin. This sharp talent, sharp and high, made him never be indifferent. S. A. Kovalev, human rights activist.