Download the basics of scientific research. Very figuratively this model of cognition was reflected by F.I.

BRIEF COURSE OF LECTURES ON THE DISCIPLINE

"Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

Associate Professor of the Department of Theory

and state history

Slavova N.A.

Work plan for the discipline "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

Topic 1. The subject and system of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research". Science and Science of Science Plan

Subject, objectives, purpose of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

General characteristics of science and scientific activity

Conceptual apparatus of science

Types of scientific works and their general characteristics

Ludchenko A.A. Fundamentals of scientific research: Textbook. allowance. - K .: Knowledge, 2000.

Pilipchuk M.I., Grigor'ev A.S., Shostak V.V. Fundamentals of scientific research. - K., 2007. - 270s.

P'yatnitska-Pozdnyakova I.S. Fundamentals of scientific achievements at higher schools. - K., 2003. - 270s.

Romanchikov V.I. Fundamentals of scientific research. - K .: Center for Educational Literature. - 254s.

5. Sabitov R.A. Fundamentals of scientific research. - Chelyabinsk: Publishing House of the Chelyabinsk State University, 2002. - 139p.

6. About the information: Law of Ukraine dated 2 July 1992. (from changes and additions) // Verkhovnoy Vydomost for the sake of Ukraine. - 1992. - No. 48. - Art. 650.

7. About science and science and technology activity: Law of Ukraine dated December 13, 1991. (from changes and additions) // Verkhovnoy Vydomost for the sake of Ukraine. - 1992. - No. 12. - Art. 165.

8. On science and state scientific and technical policy: Law of the Russian Federation of August 23, 1996 (as amended) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_149218/

9. On information, information technologies and information protection: Law of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2006 (as amended) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/29/informacia-dok.html

"Fundamentals of Scientific Research" is one of the introductory academic disciplines that precede the fundamental study of jurisprudence. However, unlike other disciplines of an introductory or auxiliary nature, this course represents the first step not only and not so much in the study of legal science, but in the study of such a complex scientific field as jurisprudence.

The subject of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research": methodological foundations of the organization and methodology for the implementation of scientific research.

Target: to form in students a number of skills necessary for independent creative activity in science and writing scientific (term paper, diploma and other qualifying) work.

Tasks: the study general rules writing and designing scientific work, the sequence of actions performed by the researcher at each stage of scientific activity; familiarization with the main methods of scientific research, the logical rules for presenting the material; acquiring the skills of searching and processing legal scientific literature, taking notes and abstracting material, compiling annotations and abstracts, drawing up references and a list of sources used; mastering the language of scientific work and familiarization with the conceptual apparatus of scientific research.

Modern society cannot exist without science. In the conditions of economic, political, ecological crisis, science is the main tool in solving relevant problems. In addition, the economic and social position of the state directly depends on legal science, since the success of innovative development, financial stability, etc. is impossible without scientific research in the field of jurisprudence.

Therefore, science is the productive force of society, a system of knowledge accumulated by mankind about the surrounding reality, optimal means of influencing it, forecasting and prospects for the progressive development of society, reflects the relationship between scientists, scientific institutions, authorities, and also determines the axiological value aspects of science.

The concept of "science" includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and the result of this activity - the "sum" of acquired scientific knowledge, which together create scientific picture peace.

The science - this is a system of knowledge about the objective laws of reality, the process of obtaining, systematizing new knowledge (about nature, society, thinking, technical means in the use of human activity) in order to obtain scientific result based on certain principles and methods.

Modern science consists of various branches of knowledge that interact and at the same time have relative independence. The division of science into certain types depends on the chosen criteria and tasks of its systematization. Branches of science are usually classified into three main areas:

Exact sciences - mathematics, computer science;

Natural sciences: the study of natural phenomena;

Social Sciences: The systematic study of human behavior and society.

In accordance with Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" (hereinafter referred to as the Law of the Russian Federation) nacademic (research) activities- activities aimed at obtaining and applying new knowledge, including:

fundamental scientific research- experimental or theoretical activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic laws of the structure, functioning and development of a person, society, and the environment;

applied scientific research- research aimed primarily at the application of new knowledge to achieve practical goals and solve specific problems;

exploratory research- research aimed at obtaining new knowledge for the purpose of their subsequent practical application (oriented scientific research) and (or) the application of new knowledge (applied scientific research) and carried out by performing research work.

The Law of the Russian Federation also defines scientific and (or) scientific and technical result is a product of scientific and (or) scientific and technical activity, containing new knowledge or solutions and fixed on any information carrier.

The Law of Ukraine "On Scientific and Scientific and Technical Activities" gives the following definitions. Scientific activity is an intellectual creative activity aimed at obtaining and using new knowledge. Its main forms are fundamental and applied scientific research.

Scientific research- a special form of the process of cognition, a systematic, purposeful study of objects, in which the means and methods of science are used, as a result of which knowledge about the object under study is formulated. In its turn, fundamental Scientific research- scientific theoretical and (or) experimental activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the patterns of development of nature, society, man, their relationship, and applied Scientific research- scientific activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge that can be used for practical purposes.

Scientific- researchactivity- this is a research activity, which consists in obtaining objectively new knowledge.

Since the goal of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research" is to form in students a number of skills necessary for independent creative activity in science and writing scientific (term paper, diploma and other qualifying) work, it is necessary to pay attention to the organization of scientific activity when writing scientific papers, in particular course.

Choice of research topic. It is desirable that the topic of the course work coincides with scientific interests.

Systematic.

Planning. Content planning (content of scientific work) and temporary (implementation of the calendar plan).

Orientation to scientific result.

Each of the sciences has its own conceptual apparatus. All scientific concepts reflect (formulate) a static or dynamic objective, generally accepted reality. These concepts have a certain internal structure, a comparative characteristic, and therefore specificity. They, as a rule, are generally accepted and, in a certain sense, reference. It is from these concepts that any thought that carries objective information, a scientific theory or discussion, and other concepts should be built.

It should be noted that the primary concept in the formation of scientific knowledge is scientific idea. The materialized expression of a scientific idea is hypothesis. Hypotheses, as a rule, are probabilistic in nature and go through three stages in their development:

Accumulation of factual material and the nomination of assumptions based on it;

Formulation and justification of the hypothesis;

Checking the results

If the practical result obtained corresponds to the assumption, then the hypothesis turns into scientific theory. The structure of a theory as a complex system is formed by interconnected principles, laws, concepts, categories, facts.

Scientific work This is a study with the aim of obtaining a scientific result.

Types of scientific works:

course work. In the first to fourth years of study, students perform precisely this species work. It is an independent educational and research student work, which confirms the acquisition of theoretical and practical skills in the disciplines that the student is studying.

graduate work;

Master's work;

dissertation;

monograph;

Research Article;

Series "Educational publications for bachelors"

M. F. Shklyar

RESEARCH

Tutorial

4th edition

Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co"

UDC 001.8 BBK 72

M. F. Shklyar - doctor economic sciences, Professor.

Reviewer:

A. V. Tkach - Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation.

Shklyar M. F.

Sh66 Fundamentals of scientific research. Textbook for bachelors / M. F. Shklyar. - 4th ed. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2012. - 244 p.

ISBN 978 5 394 01800 8

The textbook (taking into account modern requirements) describes the main provisions related to the organization, organization and conduct of scientific research in a form suitable for any specialty. The methodology of scientific research, the methodology of working with literary sources and practical information, the features of preparation and design of term papers and theses are described in detail.

For undergraduate and specialist students, as well as graduate students, degree seekers and teachers.

INTRODUCTION ............................................... ................................................. ................................................
	1. SCIENCE AND ITS ROLE
IN MODERN SOCIETY...........................................................
1.1. The concept of science .................................................. ................................................. ..............
1.2. Science and Philosophy ............................................................... ..................................................
1.3. Modern science. Basic Concepts ..................................................
1.4. The role of science in modern society.......................................................
	2. ORGANIZATION
SCIENTIFIC (RESEARCH WORK ................................
2.1. Legislative basis for science management
and its organizational structure ............................................................... ......................
2.2. Scientific and technical potential
and its components ............................................................... ................................................. ........
2.3. Preparation of scientific
and scientific and pedagogical workers .............................................. ...............
2.4. Degrees and academic titles .............................................. ...............
2.5. Scientific work of students and quality improvement
training of specialists .................................................. ............................................
CHAPTER 3. SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH .......................
3.1. Sciences and their classification ............................................................... ...............................
3.2. Scientific research and its essence .............................................................. .....
3.3. Stages
scientifically research work.......................................................................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... ...

Chapter 4. METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH............................................................
4.1. Methods and methodology of scientific research ...............................................
4.2. General and general scientific methods
4.3. Special methods of scientific research ..................................................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... ...
Chapter 5. SELECTION OF DIRECTION
AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE THEME OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH ............................................... .................................
5.1. Planning
scientific research .................................................................. ..................................................
5.2. Forecasting scientific research ..........................................................
5.3. Choosing a research topic .................................................................. ........
5.4. Feasibility study of the topic
scientific research .................................................................. ...............................................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
Chapter 6. SEARCH, ACCUMULATION AND PROCESSING
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION..............................................................
6.2. Search and collection of scientific information ............................................... ...........
6.3. Maintaining work records .................................................................. .................................
6.4. The study of scientific literature .................................................................. .................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
CHAPTER 7. SCIENTIFIC WORKS........................................................
7.1. Features of scientific work
and ethics of scientific work .............................................................. ..................................................
7.2. Coursework .............................................................. ................................................. ..
7.3. Diploma works .................................................................. ................................................
The structure of the thesis
and requirements for its structural elements .............................................. .
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .

	8. WRITING A SCIENTIFIC WORK..............................
8.1. Composition of scientific work .............................................................. .........................
8.3. Language and style of scientific work .............................................................. .........................
8.4. Editing and "aging"
scientific work ................................................................ ................................................. ...............
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
CHAPTER 9. LITERARY DESIGN
AND PROTECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS................................................
9.1. Features of the preparation of structural parts
9.2. Design of structural parts
scientific papers .................................................. ................................................. .................
9.3. Features of preparation for defense
scientific papers .................................................. ................................................. .................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
APPLICATIONS ............................................... ................................................. .......................
Bibliography...............................................................................

INTRODUCTION

The duty to think is the lot of modern man; about everything that falls into the orbit of science, he must think only in the form of strict logical judgments. Scientific consciousness ... is an inexorable imperative, an integral part of the concept of the adequacy of a modern person.

J. Ortega i Gasset, Spanish philosopher (1883–1955)

In modern conditions of rapid development of scientific and technological progress, intensive increase in the volume of scientific and scientific and technical information, rapid turnover and updating of knowledge, the training of highly qualified specialists in higher education with high general scientific and professional training, capable of independent creative work, is of particular importance. to the introduction of the latest and progressive results into the production process.

For this purpose, the discipline “Fundamentals of Scientific Research” is included in the curricula of many specialties of universities, and elements of scientific research are widely introduced into the educational process. During extracurricular time, students take part in research work carried out in the departments, in scientific institutions of universities, in student associations.

In the new socio-economic conditions, there is an increase in interest in scientific research. Meanwhile, the desire for scientific work more and more often encounters insufficient mastery of the system of methodological knowledge by students. This significantly reduces the quality of students' scientific work, preventing them from fully realizing their potential. In this regard, the manual pays special attention to: analysis of the methodological and theoretical aspects of scientific research; consideration of the problems of essence, especially stey and logic of the process of scientific research; disclosure of the methodological concept of the study and its main stages.

Introducing students to scientific knowledge, their readiness and ability to carry out research work is an objective prerequisite for the successful solution of educational and scientific problems. In turn, an important direction in improving the theoretical and practical training students is their performance of various scientific works, giving the following results:

- contributes to the deepening and consolidation by students of the existing theoretical knowledge of the studied disciplines and branches of science;

- develops the practical skills of students in conducting scientific research, analyzing the results obtained and developing recommendations for improving a particular type of activity;

- improves the methodological skills of students in independent work with sources of information and relevant software and hardware;

- opens wide opportunities for students to master additional theoretical material and accumulated practical experience in the field of activity that interests them;

- contributes to the professional preparation of students for the performance of their duties in the future and helps them master the methodology of research.

AT The manual summarizes and systematizes all the necessary information related to the organization of scientific research - from the choice of the topic of scientific work to its defense.

AT This manual outlines the main provisions related to the organization, organization and conduct of scientific research in a form suitable for any specialty. In this it differs from other textbooks of a similar type intended for students of a particular specialty.

Since this manual is intended for a wide range of specialties, it cannot include exhaustive material for each specialty. Therefore, teachers who teach this course can, in relation to the profile of training specialists, supplement the material of the manual with a presentation of specific issues (examples) or reduce the volume of individual sections, if it is appropriate and regulated by the allotted time plan.

Chapter 1.

SCIENCE AND ITS ROLE IN MODERN SOCIETY

Knowledge, only knowledge, makes a man free and great.

D. I. Pisarev (1840–1868),

Russian philosopher materialist

1.1. The concept of science.

1.2. Science and philosophy.

1.3. Modern science. Basic concepts.

1.4. The role of science in modern society.

1.1. Science concept

The main form of human knowledge is science. Science today is becoming an increasingly significant and essential component of the reality that surrounds us and in which we somehow have to navigate, live and act. The philosophical vision of the world presupposes quite definite ideas about what science is, how it works and how it develops, what it can and what it allows to hope for, and what is not available to it. In the philosophers of the past, we can find many valuable insights and clues useful for orienting ourselves in a world where the role of the soul is so important.

uki. However, they were unaware of the real, practical experience of the massive and even dramatic impact of scientific and technological achievements on the daily existence of man, which has to be comprehended today.

Today there is no unambiguous definition of science. In various literary sources, there are more than 150 of them. One of these definitions is interpreted as follows: “Science is a form of spiritual activity of people aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws on basis of generalization real facts in their interconnection”. Another definition is also widespread: “Science is both a creative activity to obtain new knowledge, and the result of such activity, knowledge brought into an integral system on the basis of certain principles and the process of their production.” V. A. Kanke in his book “Philosophy. Historical and Systematic Course” gave the following definition: “Science is a human activity in the development, systematization and testing of knowledge. Not all knowledge is scientific, but only well-tested and substantiated.

But, besides the many definitions of science, there are also many perceptions of it. Many people understood science in their own way, believing that it was their perception that was the only and correct definition. Consequently, the pursuit of science has become relevant not only in our time - its origins begin from fairly ancient times. Considering science in its historical development, it can be found that as the type of culture changes and during the transition from one socio-economic formation to another, the standards for the presentation of scientific knowledge, ways of seeing reality, the style of thinking, which are formed in the context of culture and are influenced by a variety of socio-cultural factors, change. .

The prerequisites for the emergence of science appeared in the countries of the Ancient East: in Egypt, Babylon, India, and China. The achievements of Eastern civilization were accepted and processed into a coherent theoretical system. Ancient Greece, where

The fundamental principles and elements of scientific research are considered in relation to the specifics of the technical operation of vehicles and systems. land transport and transport equipment. The characteristic is given and examples of work in the conditions of passive and active experiments are given. Certain issues of preparing and processing the results of industrial scientific research are quite widely presented with the possibility of using the popular STATISTICA program (versions 5.5a and 6.0) for the WINDOWS environment.
For students of higher education institutions.

Characteristic features of modern science.
Modern science has the following features:
1. Communication with production. Science has become a direct productive force. About 30% of scientific achievements serve production. At the same time, science works for itself ( fundamental research, prospecting work, etc.), although, as experience shows, this direction is not developing enough, especially in the field of road transport problems. In the field of technical operation, more attention should be paid to forecasting and exploration work.

2. Mass nature of modern science. Along with the increase in the number of scientific institutions and employees, capital investments in science are growing substantially, especially in the advanced Western countries. Despite the difficulties in this regard, associated with the transition period to a market economy in the life of Russia, in the country's budgets adopted in recent years, there is a steady tendency to increase investments in fundamental research of national importance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and definitions of the training course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"
1.1. Concepts about science
1.2. Characteristic features of modern science
1.3. Definition and classification of scientific research
1.4. Methods of scientific research in the technical operation of vehicles
1.5. Selecting a Research Topic
1.6. Stages of scientific research
1.7. The main goals and approaches of scientific research, the essence of passive and active experiment
Chapter 2
2.1. Random Variables and Possibilities of Processing Experimental Data Based on Them by Computer Programs
2.2. Processing of random variables associated with the dispersion of the studied indicator, on the example of studying the durability of automotive parts, assemblies and assemblies
2.3. Graphical interpretation of random variables and construction of histograms
2.4. Laws of distribution of random variables
2.5. Checking the compliance of the distribution law with empirical data based on the Pearson criterion
2.6. The concept of confidence interval and confidence probability in the statistical evaluation of the scattering characteristics of random variables
2.7. Determination of the sample size and organization of observations of vehicles when studying the performance of their work in operation
Chapter 3. Using the Student's, Fisher's and ANOVA tests to identify the discrepancy between the compared samples of random variables and substantiate the possibility of combining them. Separation of mixed samples
3.1. The simplest case of testing the "null" hypothesis about the belonging of two samples to the same general population
3.2. Univariate and multivariate analyzes of variance as general methods for checking the discrepancy between means with a large number of statistical samples
3.3. Application of cluster analysis and the method of selection of the law of distribution in a limited range of data for the separation of mixed samples
3.4. An example of using the principles of separation and merging of samples to determine the standards for the method of diagnosing the environmental safety of carburetor cars when they are tested on unloaded running drums
Chapter 4. Smoothing stochastic dependencies. Correlation and regression analyzes
4.1. Smoothing stochastic experimental dependencies using the least squares method for the case of one-factor linear regression
4.2. Coefficient of determination and its use for assessing the accuracy and adequacy of a single-factor linear regression model
4.3. Matrix Methods for Determining the Coefficients of Multivariate Regression Equations Represented by Polynomials of the nth Degree
4.4. Estimation of the accuracy and adequacy of the multivariate regression model of linear and non-linear (power-law) types
4.5. Implementation of the forecast according to the developed regression models and identification of anomalous initial data
Chapter 5
5.1. The simplest case of statistical planning of an active one-factor experiment
5.2. Planning an active two-factor experiment
5.3. Orthogonal design of an active experiment for a linear model with more than two factors and the possibility of reducing the number of main experiments by using replicas of different fractionality
5.4. Planning an experiment in the search for optimal conditions
5.5. Nonlinear design of an active experiment to obtain models of multifactorial second-order dependencies and search for extreme values ​​of the response function
Chapter 6
6.1. Main principle approaches in assessing influencing factors using multi-step regression and component analyzes
6.2. Principal Component Method
6.2.1. General characteristics of the principal component method
6.2.2. Principal Component Calculation
6.2.3. Main numerical characteristics of the main components
6.2.4. Choice of Principal Components and Transition to Generalized Factors
6.3. Examples of the use of component analysis in solving problems of managing the processes of technical operation of vehicles
Chapter 7
7.1. Possibilities of simulation modeling in the study of options for the use of external and built-in diagnostics in road transport
7.2. The main strategies for maintaining a good technical condition for a separate element (part, assembly, unit) of a car
7.3. The main organizational and technological options for the maintenance and repair of vehicles at public transport vehicles, subject to modeling research
7.4. The results of modeling the main options for the organization of maintenance and repair based on the use of stationary and built-in diagnostics at public transport enterprises
Chapter 8. Instrumentation and metrological support of scientific research at motor transport enterprises
8.1. Basic concepts and definitions in the field of metrology
8.2. Metrological Service
8.3. Metrological support of scientific research
8.4. Rationing of metrological characteristics
8.5. Measurement physical quantities, error sources
8.6. Types of errors
Conclusion
Applications
Attachment 1
Annex 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Bibliography.

Fundamentals of Scientific Research




Introduction




Science is a field of research aimed at obtaining new knowledge about nature, society and thinking. At present, the development of science is associated with the division and cooperation of scientific work, the creation of scientific institutions, experimental and laboratory equipment. Being a consequence of the social division of labor, science arises following the separation of mental labor from physical labor and the transformation of cognitive activity into a specific occupation of a special group of people. The emergence of large-scale machine production creates conditions for the transformation of science into an active factor in production itself.

The basis of this activity is the collection scientific facts, their constant updating and systematization, critical analysis and, on this basis, the synthesis of new scientific knowledge or generalizations that not only describe the observed natural or social phenomena, but also allow you to build cause-and-effect relationships and, as a result, predict. Those natural science theories and hypotheses that are confirmed by facts or experiments are formulated in the form of laws of nature or society.

Scientific research, research based on the application of the scientific method, provides scientific information and theories to explain the nature and properties of the surrounding world. Such research may have practical applications. Scientific research can be funded by the state, non-profit organizations, commercial companies and individuals. Scientific research can be classified according to its academic and applied nature.

The main goal of applied research (as opposed to fundamental research) is the discovery, interpretation and development of methods and systems for improving human knowledge in various branches of human knowledge.




Rice. Generalized scheme (algorithm) of the study




1. Awareness of the problem




The scientific problem is awareness, the formulation of the concept of ignorance. If the problem is identified and formulated in the form of an idea, concept, then it means that you can start setting the task to solve it. With the introduction of the culture of the Russian language, the concept of "problem" has undergone a transformation. In Western culture, a problem is a task that needs to be solved. In Russian culture, a problem is a strategic stage in solving a problem, on an ideological and conceptual level, when there is an implicit set of conditions, the list of which can be formalized and taken into account in the formulation of the problem (a list of conditions, parameters, boundary conditions (limit of values) of which are included in the conditions of the problem).

The more complex the object of consideration (the more difficult the chosen topic), the more ambiguous, uncertain questions (problems) it will contain, and the more difficult it will be for formulating the problem and for finding solutions, that is, the problems of a scientific work should contain classification and prioritization in the direction .

The object of study is a certain process or phenomenon of reality that gives rise to a problem situation. The object is a kind of carrier of the problem, what the research activity is aimed at.

The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is conducted. The subject of research should be characterized by a certain independence, which will allow critical evaluation of the hypothesis correlated with it. In each object, several subjects of study can be distinguished.




2. Deciding on the study




Scientific research is usually understood as small scientific tasks related to a specific topic of scientific research.

The choice of direction, problem, topic of scientific research and the formulation of scientific questions is an extremely responsible task. The direction of research is often predetermined by the specifics of the scientific institution, the branch of science in which the researcher works. Therefore, the choice of a scientific direction for each individual researcher often comes down to the choice of the branch of science in which he wants to work. The concretization of the direction of research is the result of studying the state of production requests, social needs and the state of research in one direction or another in a given period of time. In the process of studying the state and results of already conducted research, ideas can be formulated integrated use several scientific directions for solving production problems.

1)Setting the goal of the study. Formulation of the object and subject of research.

The purpose of the study is the general focus of the study, the expected end result. The purpose of the study indicates the nature of the research tasks and is achieved through their solution.

Research objectives - a set of targets, which formulate the basic requirements for the analysis and solution of the problem under study.

The object of research is the area of ​​practical activity, to which the research process is directed. The choice of the research object determines the limits of application of the obtained results.

Subject of study - essential properties object of study, the knowledge of which is necessary to solve the problem, within which the object is studied in this particular study.

The formulation of the problem and its preliminary study is the initial stage of the process of analytical work, at which the goals, objectives, subject, objects and information base of the study are finally determined, the main results, methods and forms of implementation are predicted.

A research problem is a kind of question, the answer to which is not contained in the accumulated knowledge, and its search requires analytical actions that are different from information retrieval.

From an organizational point of view, the result of the staging stage should be a short document that briefly reflects the goals, objectives and main parameters of the study. Typically, such a document, called a study plan, should include:

Research objectives. It is necessary to characterize the research problem, its main tasks, describe the most important information, which the director hopes to obtain in the course of the study. In conclusion, it is necessary to describe how this information can be specifically used.

Market segments and description of the surveyed populations. This is a very important question, because in a typical case, the object of a focus group study is not the entire population, but only some of its key segments (the electorate, population or demographic groups, etc.). The principle of identifying key segments determined by the objectives of the study should not be confused with the methodological principle of dividing these segments into homogeneous groups (more on this below).

The scope of the study, i.e. the total number of groups and the number of geographic locations, with justification based on the objectives of the study, and the cost of conducting it.

2)Gathering start information

First, let's look at what information is.

Information is a general scientific concept associated with the objective properties of matter and their reflection in human consciousness.

In modern science, two types of information are considered.

Objective (primary) information is the property of material objects and phenomena (processes) to generate a variety of states, which through interactions (fundamental interactions) are transmitted to other objects and imprinted in their structure.

Subjective (semantic, semantic, secondary) information is the semantic content of objective information about the objects and processes of the material world, formed by the human mind with the help of semantic images (words, images and sensations) and fixed on some material carrier.

In the modern world, information is one of the most important resources and, at the same time, one of the driving forces for the development of human society. Information processes occurring in the material world, wildlife and human society are studied (or at least taken into account) by all scientific disciplines from philosophy to marketing.

The increasing complexity of the tasks of scientific research has led to the need to involve large teams of scientists of various specialties in their solution. Therefore, almost all the theories considered below are interdisciplinary.

Gathering information before designing is one of the most essential and important steps. Let's see why this is needed and what actions can be included in it.

The point of gathering information is to get as much data as possible about the area of ​​the problem. This helps to understand what has already been done by other people, how it has been done, why it has been done, what they have not done, what users want. As a result, after collecting and processing information, we get quite extensive knowledge for the next stage.




3. Formulation of a hypothesis. Choice of methodology. Drawing up a program and research plan. Choosing an information base for research




In science, in ordinary thinking, we move from ignorance to knowledge, from incomplete knowledge to more complete knowledge. We have to put forward and then substantiate various assumptions to explain the phenomena and their relationship with other phenomena. We put forward hypotheses that, when confirmed, can turn into scientific theories or individual true judgments, or, conversely, be refuted and turn out to be false judgments.

A hypothesis is a scientifically based assumption about the causes or regular connections of any phenomena or events of nature, society, thinking. The specificity of a hypothesis - to be a form of knowledge development - is predetermined by the main property of thinking, its constant movement - deepening and development, a person's desire to discover new patterns and causal relationships, which is dictated by the needs of practical life.

The main properties of the hypothesis:

· Uncertainty of the true value;

· Focus on the disclosure of this phenomenon;

· Making assumptions about the results of solving the problem;

· Opportunity to put forward a "draft" solution to the problem.

As a rule, a hypothesis is expressed on the basis of a number of observations (examples) confirming it, and therefore looks plausible. The hypothesis is subsequently either proved, turning it into an established fact, or refuted, turning it into the category of false statements.

The methodology of science, in the traditional sense, is the doctrine of the methods and procedures of scientific activity, as well as a section of the general theory of knowledge, in particular the theory scientific knowledge and philosophy of science.

Methodology, in an applied sense, is a system of principles and approaches to research activities that a researcher relies on in the course of obtaining and developing knowledge within a particular discipline.

Drawing up a program and research plan.

Analysis of the work done should be carried out not only on the basis of existing reporting documentation, but also through specially conducted selective statistical studies.

The plan of statistical research is drawn up in accordance with the planned program. The main points of the plan are:

· determination of the purpose of the study;

· determination of the object of observation;

· determination of the period of work at all stages;

· indication of the type of statistical observation and method;

· determination of the place where observations will be made;

· finding out by what forces and under whose methodological and organizational leadership the research will be carried out.

The information base of the study is an integral part of the preliminary study of the problem, within which the sufficiency of information materials is revealed, the ways and means of obtaining it, a bibliography is compiled by sources.

Collection of the main information array. Setting up an experiment if necessary.

After determining the information sources, the creation of the main information array begins, i.e. the process of collecting and accumulating specific information. At the same time, it is advisable to initially provide a qualitative classification of the main elements of the information array. So, the information included in it can be primary or secondary. In the first case, information is a loosely ordered set of facts; in the second case, it is the result of a certain logical comprehension on the part of the direct participants in the events or external observers. Each of these types of information has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of application prospects. The collection of primary information is always very laborious, although it attracts with the opportunity to include interesting and original material in the development. The selection of secondary information takes relatively less time, since it has already undergone a certain systematization, but relying only on it, the researcher runs the risk of being captured by previously established ideas.

Exploratory research includes:

· the preparatory stage, which combines the analysis of literary sources and the experience of other organizations, the search for an analogue, a feasibility study for the feasibility of conducting a study, the identification of possible areas of research, the development and approval of terms of reference;

· development of the theoretical part of the topic, consisting of the preparation of research schemes, calculations and modeling of the main research processes, the development of technologies for experiments and laboratory test methods;

· experimental work and testing and correction of theoretical calculations based on their results;

acceptance of work.

Applied research can be carried out in the same sequence as exploratory research, but they are characterized by an increase in the proportion of experimental work and testing. In this connection, the problem of planning experiments is of great importance in order to reduce the number of experiments to a rational minimum.

Research developments include the stages:

· development of technical specifications;

· choice of research direction;

· theoretical and experimental research;

· registration of results;

acceptance.

From a methodological point of view, the creation of an information array involves ensuring the reliability, reliability and novelty of the selected data. The application of these three criteria is a necessary condition for the adequacy of the final conclusions that can be obtained on the basis of further analysis. The degree of novelty of the selected data is usually determined ad hoc. With regard to reliability and reliability, they are ensured thanks, firstly, to the observance certain rules when developing search criteria, and secondly, by fixing the data. In modern conditions, information arrays can be created both as a result of the stage-by-stage preparation of information within a specific project, and by referring to existing and accessible data banks.

The data bank differs from the usual information array not only in that it is implemented in electronic form, but also in functional features. When creating specialized data banks, they usually provide for the performance of two target functions: information retrieval and information logical. The information retrieval function is implemented when considering issues related to the semantic content of data, regardless of how they are represented in the system memory. At the design stage of this function, a part of the real world is allocated that determines the information needs of the system, i.e. her subject area. In this regard, the following questions are being addressed:

· about what phenomena of the real world it is required to accumulate and process information in the system;

· what main characteristics of phenomena and relationships will be taken into account;

· how the characteristics of the concepts introduced into the information system will be specified.

The information-logical function provides data representation in the memory of the information system. When designing this function, forms of data representation in the system are developed, as well as models and methods for representing and transforming data are given, rules for their semantic interpretation are formed. The value of the data bank is in the accumulation of comprehensive unique information that allows you to trace political chronology, determine cause-and-effect relationships, trends, and establish types of information media (books, magazines, statistical reports, analytical studies).

The creation of an information array in a traditional documentary or electronic form completes the process of obtaining the initial data for analytical work. In principle, in the future, this array can be expanded and even transformed, but the changes introduced should not drastically affect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the entire set of included materials. Otherwise, the information array may lose its systemic qualities and cease to meet the methodological requirements of functional compliance.

In order for the experiment to be effective, when setting it up, it is necessary to observe such principles as:

· purposefulness - that is, to determine why the experiment is being carried out; its objectives must be clearly articulated;

· "purity" - implies the exclusion of the influence of distorting factors;

· boundaries - mean a clear framework of the scientific direction, within which the state of the object under study is analyzed;

· methodological elaboration - implies already existing knowledge in the area under study.

In addition to compliance with these principles, the effectiveness of the experiment is also affected by the existing software, its completeness and quality. There are the following types of security:

· scientific and methodological - includes scientific justification, theoretical positions and concepts, hypotheses and ideas that need to be tested during the experiment;

· organizational - implies the definition of objects of experimentation, participants in the experiment, instructions, rules and procedures for conducting the experiment;

· methodical - provides for the development of methodological materials for all stages of the experiment;

· personnel and social - determination of the composition of the participants in the experiment, the level of their training and qualifications, compliance with established requirements, measures to explain the experiment;

· informational and managerial - implies the presence of a certain amount of information of a certain quality, and also reveals the process of managing an experiment;

· economic - reveals the conditions for using the resources necessary for the experiment: financial, material, labor (issues of stimulating the work of participants in the experiment).

At the stage of theoretical and experimental research, a complex is being developed methodological documentation necessary for the organization and implementation of research, and technical documentation on experimental samples or product models, technological processes, measuring instruments, etc. Theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to the extent necessary, and research objects and material means are being developed and manufactured.

The result of an experiment is always a useful category. Even if the innovation does not prove its effectiveness, the results obtained can serve as a starting point for new directions of work.




Processing of the collected information, the results of the experiment. Confirmation or refutation of the hypothesis




The processing of the collected information in accordance with the goals and objectives of the study is the main stage of analytical work, at which the comprehension of the material is carried out, the development of new inference information, the formation of proposals for their practical application and documentation of the study results.

Information analysis is a set of methods for generating factual data that ensures their comparability, an objective assessment and the development of new output information.

The purpose of any experiment is to determine the qualitative and quantitative relationship between the studied parameters, or to evaluate the numerical value of any parameter. In some cases, the relationship between variables known from the results of theoretical studies. As a rule, the formulas expressing these dependencies contain some constants, the values ​​of which must be determined from experience. Another type of problem is to determine an unknown functional relationship between variables based on experimental data. Such relationships are called empirical. It is impossible to unambiguously determine an unknown functional relationship between variables even if the results of the experiment had no errors. Moreover, this should not be expected, having the results of the experiment containing various measurement errors. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the purpose of mathematical processing of experimental results is not to find the true nature of the relationship between variables or the absolute value of any constant, but to present the results of observations in the form of the simplest formula with an estimate of the possible error of its use.

Development and testing of the hypothesis.

The stage of development of a hypothesis is associated with obtaining logical consequences from it. This is done in the following way: it is assumed that the proposition put forward is true, and then consequences are deduced from it in a deductive way. The resulting effects must take place if there is an alleged cause.

By logical consequences we mean:

· thoughts about the circumstances caused by the phenomenon under study;

· thoughts about the circumstances that precede the given phenomenon in time, accompany it and follow it;

· thoughts about the circumstances that are in direct connection with the phenomenon under study.

Comparison of the consequences obtained from the assumption with the already established facts makes it possible to disprove the hypothesis or prove its truth, which is carried out in the process of testing the hypothesis.

Direct confirmation (refutation) lies in the fact that the alleged facts or phenomena in the course of subsequent cognition are confirmed (or refuted) in practice through their direct perception.

Logical proofs and refutations of hypotheses are widely used in science.

The main ways of logical evidence and refutation of hypotheses in science:

inductive path - confirmation of a hypothesis or derivation of consequences from it with the help of arguments, including indications of facts and laws;

deductive way - deducing a hypothesis from other, general and proven provisions; the inclusion of a hypothesis in a system of scientific knowledge, in which it is consistent with other provisions of this system, as well as a demonstration of the predictive power of the hypothesis. Depending on the method of its justification, logical proof or refutation can be carried out in direct or indirect form.

Direct proof or the refutation of the hypothesis is carried out by confirming or refuting the logical consequences obtained by the conclusion with newly discovered facts.

Indirect evidence or refutation is often used if there are several hypotheses that explain the same phenomenon and are carried out by refuting and eliminating all false assumptions, on the basis of which the truth of one remaining assumption is asserted.




5. Drawing up a model of the studied process, phenomenon. Model Verification




At the stage of formation of a theoretical model, it is necessary, based on the complete model, to substantiate the optimal model, in which those aspects of the process that can be neglected to solve the tasks set are excluded. As follows from the theory of operations, the degree of understanding of the system is inversely proportional to the number of variables that appear in its description.

It should be noted that it is necessary to more clearly match the solution of model problems with the setting of the final goals of the study (the "model - goal" link), bearing in mind the need to clearly limit the goals set, although one cannot refuse to link the goals of the current solution and long-term planning. In the process of hydrogeological modeling, special attention should be paid to improving the skill level and mutual understanding of users and model creators, which requires well-thought-out organizational decisions for establishing business contacts between specialists in various fields, up to the highest management level.

Particularly important is the thorough substantiation of scientific forecasts in the study of multifactorial processes that manifest themselves in solving environmental problems.

Model experiments

A powerful tool for quantitative research is mathematical modeling as a simulation system used to analyze the regularities of the modeled (simulated) process. Since such an operation is usually carried out on computers, the name "numerical", "computational" or "mathematical" experiment is used for it.

Close to this content of this kind of experiment is the concept of "system simulation", which is defined as a reproduction of the processes occurring in the system, with artificial imitation of random variables on which these processes depend, using a generator of random and pseudo-random numbers.

The main direction of the model experiment is the substantiation of optimal models of the processes under study, taking into account the reliability of model solutions of forecast problems. Such justification is carried out by means of a model study of the nature of the development of the process being modeled (in time and space) under conditions of uncertainty of the initial information about the system parameters. In this direction, the initial operation is the creation of the most complete model of the process under study, which is recognized as a fairly reliable (at least from the point of view of the goal) reflection of the natural process.

Verification of the model - verification of its truth, adequacy. In relation to descriptive models, model verification is reduced to comparing the results of model calculations with the corresponding reality data - facts and patterns of economic development. With regard to normative (including optimization) models, the situation is more complicated: under the conditions of the current economic mechanism, the modeled object is subjected to various control actions that are not provided for by the model; it is necessary to set up a special economic experiment, taking into account the requirements of cleanliness, that is, the elimination of the influence of these influences, which is a difficult, largely unsolved problem.




6. Model experimentation. Predicting the behavior of the object of study




An interesting possibility of developing the method of experimentation is the so-called model experimentation. In this case, they experiment not with the original, but with its model, a sample similar to the original. The original does not behave as cleanly, exemplary as the model. The model may be of a physical, mathematical, biological or other nature. It is important that manipulations with it make it possible to transfer the information received to the original. Nowadays, computer simulation is widely used.

Model experimentation is especially appropriate where the object under study is inaccessible to direct experiment. Thus, hydrobuilders will not build a dam across a turbulent river in order to experiment with it. Before erecting a dam, they will conduct a model experiment at their own institute (with a "small" dam and a "small" river).

The most important experimental method is measurement, which makes it possible to obtain quantitative data. Measuring A and B involves:

· establishment of qualitative similarity between A and B;

· introduction of a unit of measurement (second, meter, kilogram, ruble, point);

· comparison of A and B with the reading of the device, which has the same qualitative characteristic as A and B;

· reading instrument readings.

Thus, the model can serve two purposes: descriptive, if the model serves to explain and better understand the object, and prescriptive, when the model allows you to predict or reproduce the characteristics of the object that determine its behavior. A prescriptive type model can be descriptive, but not vice versa. Therefore, the degree of usefulness of models used in engineering and in social sciences. This largely depends on the methods and means that were used in the construction of models, and the difference in the final goals that were set. In engineering, models serve as aids to the creation of new or improved systems. And in the social sciences, models explain existing systems. A model suitable for system development purposes must also explain it.




7. Literary design of research materials




Literary design of research materials is a laborious and very responsible task, an integral part of scientific research.

Isolate and formulate the main ideas, provisions, conclusions and recommendations in an accessible, complete and accurate manner - the main thing that a researcher should strive for in the process of literary design of materials.

This is not possible immediately and not for everyone, since the design of the work is always closely related to the refinement of certain provisions, the clarification of logic, argumentation and the elimination of gaps in the justification of the conclusions drawn, etc. Much here depends on the level general development the personality of the researcher, his literary abilities and the ability to formulate his thoughts.

In the work on the design of research materials, the following general rules should be followed:

· the title and content of chapters, as well as paragraphs, should correspond to the topic of the study and not go beyond it. The content of the chapters should exhaust the topic, and the content of the paragraphs - the chapter as a whole;

· initially, having studied the material for writing the next paragraph (chapter), it is necessary to think over its plan, leading ideas, a system of argumentation and fix it all in writing, without losing sight of the logic of the whole work. Then carry out clarification, polishing of individual semantic parts and sentences, make the necessary additions, rearrangements, remove the excess, carry out editorial, stylistic corrections;

· check the design of references, compile a reference apparatus and a list of references (bibliography);

· do not rush with the final finish, look at the material after a while, let it "lie down". At the same time, some reasoning and conclusions, as practice shows, will appear unsuccessfully designed, unproven and insignificant. They need to be improved or omitted, leaving only what is really necessary;

· avoid science-likeness, games of erudition. Bringing a large number of references, the abuse of special terminology makes it difficult to understand the thoughts of the researcher, make the presentation unnecessarily complicated. The presentation style should combine scientific rigor and efficiency, accessibility and expressiveness;

· the presentation of the material should be reasoned or polemical, critical, brief or detailed, detailed;

· before issuing a final version, conduct an approbation of the work: reviewing, discussion, etc. Eliminate the shortcomings identified during the approbation.




List of used literature

scientific research experiment

1) Kozhukhar V.M., Workshop on the basics of scientific research. Publishing house "ASV", 2008. - p5.

)Shestakov V.M., (The final lecture of the course "Hydrogeodynamics")

)Krutov V.I. "Fundamentals of Scientific Research". Publishing house "Higher School", 1989. - pp. 6, 44, 79, 88.

)Pakhustov B.K., Concepts modern natural science. UMK, Novosibirsk, SibAGS, 2003.

)http://www.google.ru/

)http://ru.wikipedia.org/

)http://bookap.info/




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“A.F. Koshurnikov Fundamentals of Scientific Research Textbook Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Association of Higher Education Institutions of the Russian Federation for Agroengineering Education as an educational ... "

-- [ Page 1 ] --

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Federal state budget educational

institution of higher professional education

"Perm State Agricultural Academy

named after academician D.N. Pryanishnikov"

A.F. Koshurnikov

Fundamentals of Scientific Research

Russian Federation for agroengineering education

as a teaching aid for students of higher education





institutions studying in the direction of "Agroengineering".

Perm IPC "Prokrost"

UDC 631.3 (075) BBK 40.72.ya7 K765

Reviewers:

A.G. Levshin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Operation of the Machine and Tractor Fleet, Moscow State Agrarian University. V.P. Goryachkin;

HELL. Galkin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor (Technograd LLC, Perm);

S.E. Basalgin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Technical Service Department of LLC Navigator - New Engineering.

K765 Koshurnikov A.F. Fundamentals of scientific research: textbook. / Min. RF, federal state budget images. institution of higher prof. images. "Perm state. s.-x. acad. them. acad. D.N. Pryanishnikov. - Perm: IPC "Prokrost", 2014. -317 p.

ISBN 978-5-94279-218-3 The textbook includes questions about choosing a research topic, the structure of research, sources of scientific and technical information, the method of putting forward hypotheses about the directions for solving problems, methods for building models of technological processes carried out using agricultural machinery and their analysis with with the help of a computer, planning experiments and processing the results of experiments in multifactorial, including field studies, protecting the priority of scientific and technical developments with elements of patent science and recommendations for their implementation in production.

The manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions students in the direction of "Agroengineering". It can be useful for masters and graduate students, scientific and engineering workers.

UDC 631.3 (075) BBK 40.72.y7 Published by decision of the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Engineering of the Perm State Agricultural Academy (Minutes No. 4 dated 12.12.2013).

ISBN 978-5-94279-218-3 © Koshurnikov A.F., 2014 © IPC "Prokrost", 2014 Content Introduction……………………………………………………………… …….

Science in modern society and its significance in higher education 1.

vocational education……………………………………….

1.1. The role of science in the development of society…………………………………..

–  –  –

Everything that surrounds a modern civilized person was created by the creative work of previous generations.

Historical experience allows us to say with confidence that no sphere of spiritual culture has had such a significant and dynamic impact on society as science.

The world-renowned specialist in philosophy, logic and history of science K. Popper in his book could not resist such a comparison:

“Just as King Midas from the famous ancient legend – whatever he touched, everything turned into gold – so science, whatever it touches, everything comes to life, acquires significance and receives an impetus for further development. And even if she cannot reach the truth, then the desire for knowledge and the search for truth are the strongest motives for further improvement.

The history of science has shown that the old scientific ideal - the absolute certainty of demonstrative knowledge - turned out to be an idol, that a new level of knowledge sometimes requires a revision of even some fundamental ideas (“Forgive me, Newton,” wrote A. Einstein). The requirement of scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific proposition must always remain temporary.

The search for new bold propositions, of course, is associated with a flight of fantasy, imagination, but a feature of the scientific method is that all the put forward "anticipations" - hypotheses are consistently controlled by systematic tests, and none of them is defended dogmatically. In other words, science has created a useful toolkit that allows you to find ways to detect errors.

Scientific experience, which makes it possible to find at least a temporary, but solid basis for further development, obtained primarily in the natural sciences, was taken as the basis of engineering education. This was most clearly manifested in the first program for the training of engineers at the Paris Polytechnic School. This educational institution was founded in 1794 by the mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge, the creator of descriptive geometry. The program was oriented towards deep mathematical and natural science training of future engineers.

Not surprisingly, the Polytechnic School soon became a center for the development of mathematical natural sciences, as well as technical sciences, primarily applied mechanics.

According to this model, engineering educational institutions were later created in Germany, Spain, the USA, and Russia.

Engineering activity as a profession turned out to be closely connected with the regular application of scientific knowledge in technical practice.

Technique has become scientific - not only in the fact that it meekly fulfills all the prescriptions of the natural sciences, but also in the fact that special ones were gradually developed - Technical science in which theory has become not only the pinnacle of the research cycle, but also a guide for further actions, the basis of a system of rules that prescribe the course of an optimal technical action.

The founder of the science "Agricultural mechanics" is a remarkable Russian scientist V.P. Goryachkin, in his report at the annual meeting of the Society for Promoting the Progress of Experimental Sciences on October 5, 1913, noted:

“Agricultural machines and tools are so diverse in form and life (movement) of working parts and, moreover, almost always work freely (without a foundation), that in their theory a dynamic character should be sharply expressed, and that another branch of mechanical engineering with such a wealth of theoretical the way "Agricultural Mechanics", but the only modern task construction and testing of agricultural machines can be considered a transition to strictly scientific foundations.

He considered the peculiarity of this science to be that it is an intermediary between mechanics and natural science, calling it the mechanics of a dead and living body.

The need to compare the effects of machines with the reaction of plants and their habitat led to the creation of the so-called precise, coordinate agriculture. The task of such technology is to provide optimal conditions for plant growth in a particular area of ​​the field, taking into account agrotechnical, agrochemical, economic and other conditions.

To ensure this, the machines include complex systems of satellite navigation, microprocessor control, programming, etc.

Not only the design, but also the production operation of machines today requires a continuous increase in the level of both basic training and continuous self-education. Even a small break in the system of advanced training and self-education can lead to a significant lagging behind life and loss of professionalism.

But science as a system for acquiring knowledge can provide a methodology for self-education, the main stages of which coincide with the structure of research, at least in the field of applied knowledge, and especially in the section of information support for the performer.

Thus, in addition to the main objective of the course of the basics of scientific research - the formation of the scientific worldview of a specialist, this study guide sets itself the task of promoting the skills of continuous self-education within the framework of the chosen profession. It is necessary that each specialist be included in the system of scientific and technical information existing in the country.

The presented textbook was written on the basis of the course “Fundamentals of Scientific Research”, read for 35 years at the Perm State Agricultural Academy.

The need for the publication lies in the fact that the existing textbooks covering all stages of research and intended for agroengineering specialties were published twenty to thirty years ago (F.S. Zavalishin, M.G. Matsnev - 1982, P.M. Vasilenko and L. V. Pogorely - 1985, V. V. Koptev, V. A. Bogomyagkikh and M. D. Trifonova - 1993).

During this time, the education system has changed (it has become two-level, with the advent of masters of the research direction of the proposed work), the system of scientific and technical information has undergone significant changes, the range of mathematical models of technological processes used has significantly expanded with the possibility of their analysis on a computer, new legislation on the protection of intellectual own, there are new opportunities for introducing new products into production.

Most of the examples of building models of technological processes are selected among machines that mechanize work in crop production. This is due to the fact that the Department of Agricultural Machines of the Perm State Agricultural Academy has developed a large package computer programs, allowing for a deep and comprehensive analysis of these models.

The construction of mathematical models is inevitably associated with the idealization of an object, so the question of the extent to which they are identified to a real object is constantly raised.

Centuries of study of specific objects and their possible interactions has led to the emergence of experimental methods.

Big problems for the modern experimenter arise in connection with the need for multivariate analysis.

When the study evaluates the state of the processed environment, the parameters of the working bodies and modes of operation, the number of factors is already measured by tens, and the number of experiments - by millions.

The methods of optimal multifactorial experiment created in the last century can significantly reduce the number of experiments, so their study by young researchers is necessary.

Great importance in the technical sciences is given to processing the results of an experiment, assessing their accuracy and errors, which can lead to the distribution of results obtained on a limited circle of objects to the entire, as they say, general population.

It is known that for this purpose methods of mathematical statistics are used, the study and correct application of which are given attention in all scientific schools. It is believed that the strict foundations of mathematical statistics allow not only avoiding mistakes, but also educate beginner scientists in professionalism, a culture of thinking, the ability to critically perceive not only other people's results, but also their own results. It is said that mathematical statistics contribute to the development of the discipline of the mind of specialists.

The results of scientific work can be carriers of new knowledge and used to improve machines, technologies or create new products. In today's market economy, protecting the priority of research and associated intellectual property is of paramount importance. The intellectual property system has ceased to be a quiet branch of law. Now, when this system is globalized in the interests of the economy, it is turning into a powerful tool for competition, trade and political and economic pressure.

Priority protection can be carried out in various ways - publication of scientific works in the press, filing an application for obtaining patents for an invention, utility model, industrial design or registration of a trademark, service mark or place of production of goods, commercial designation, etc.

In connection with the new legislation on intellectual property, information on the rights to use it seems to be relevant.

The final stage of scientific research is the implementation of the results in production. This difficult period of activity can be alleviated by realizing the importance of the central function of marketing in matters of the activities of industrial enterprises. Modern marketing has developed a fairly effective toolkit for creating conditions for the interest of enterprises in the use of new products.

The originality and high competitiveness of the product, confirmed by the relevant patents, can be of particular importance.

The final part of the book provides options for organizing the introduction of student research papers into production. Participation in implementation work of any form provides big influence not only for the professional training of specialists, but also for the formation of an active life position in them.

1. Science in modern society and its importance in higher professional education

1.1. The role of science in the development of society Science plays a special role in our life. The progress of the previous centuries has brought humanity to a new level of development and quality of life. Technological progress is based primarily on the use of scientific achievements. In addition, science is now influencing other spheres of activity, restructuring their means and methods.

Already in the Middle Ages, the emerging natural science declared its claims to the formation of new worldview images, free from many dogmas.

It is no coincidence that science has been subjected to church persecution for many centuries. The Holy Inquisition worked hard to preserve its dogmas in society, however, the 17th...18th centuries are the centuries of enlightenment.

Having acquired ideological functions, science began to actively influence all spheres social life. Gradually, the value of education based on the assimilation of scientific knowledge grew and began to be taken for granted.

At the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century, science actively entered the sphere of industrial production and in the 20th century it becomes the productive force of society. In addition, the 19th and 20th centuries can be characterized by the expanding use of science in various areas of social life, primarily in management systems. It becomes there the basis of qualified expert assessments and decision-making.

This new function is now characterized as social. At the same time, the ideological functions of science and its role as a productive force continue to grow. The increased capabilities of mankind, armed with the latest achievements of science and technology, began to orient society towards the forceful transformation of natural and social peace. This led to a number of negative "side" effects (military equipment capable of destroying all life, an ecological crisis, social revolutions, etc.). As a result of the understanding of such possibilities (although, as they say, matches were not created for children to play with), there has recently been a change in scientific and technological development by giving it a humanistic dimension.

A new type of scientific rationality is emerging, which explicitly includes humanistic guidelines and values.

Scientific and technological progress is inextricably linked with engineering activities. Its emergence as one of the types of labor activity at one time was associated with the emergence of manufactory and machine production. It was formed among scientists who turned to technology or self-taught artisans who joined science.

Solving technical problems, the first engineers turned to physics, mechanics, mathematics, from which they drew knowledge to carry out certain calculations, and directly to scientists, adopting their research methodology.

There are many such examples in the history of technology. They often recall the appeal of engineers constructing fountains in the garden of the Duke of Florence Cosimo II Medici to G. Galileo, when they were puzzled by the fact that the water behind the piston did not rise above 34 feet, although, according to the teachings of Aristotle (nature does not tolerate emptiness), this is not should have happened.

G. Galileo joked that, they say, this fear does not extend above 34 feet, but the task was set and brilliantly solved by G.

Galileo T. Torricelli with his famous “Italian experiment”, and then the works of B. Pascal, R. Boyle, Otto von Guerick, who finally established the influence of atmospheric pressure and convinced opponents of this with experiments with the Magdeburg hemispheres.

Thus, already in this initial period of engineering activity, specialists (most often from guild craft) were oriented towards the scientific picture of the world.

Instead of anonymous artisans, more and more professional technicians appear, great individuals, famous far beyond the immediate place of their activity. Such, for example, are Leon Batista Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolo Tartaglia, Gerolamo Cardano, John Napier and others.

In 1720, a number of military engineering educational institutions for fortification, artillery and a corps of railway engineers were opened in France, in 1747 - a school of roads and bridges.

When technology reached a state in which further advancement was impossible without its saturation with science, the need for personnel began to be felt.

The emergence of higher technical schools marks the next important stage in engineering activity.

One of the first such schools was the Paris Polytechnic School, founded in 1794, where the question of the systematic scientific training of future engineers was consciously raised. It has become a model for the organization of higher technical educational institutions, including in Russia.

From the very beginning, these institutions began to perform not only educational, but also research functions in the field of engineering, which contributed to the development of technical sciences. Engineering education has since played a significant role in the development of technology.

Engineering activity is a complex set of various activities (inventive, design, design, technological, etc.) and serves a variety of technical fields (engineering, agriculture, electrical engineering, chemical technologies, processing industries, metallurgy, etc.).

Today, no one person can do all the various jobs required to produce any complex product (tens of thousands of parts are used in a modern engine alone).

The differentiation of engineering activities has led to the emergence of so-called "narrow" specialists who know, as they say, "everything about nothing."

In the second half of the twentieth century, not only the object of engineering activity changes. Instead of a separate technical device, a complex man-machine system becomes an object of design, and activities related, for example, to organization and management, are expanding.

The engineering task was not only to create a technical device, but also to ensure its normal functioning in society (not only in the technical sense), ease of maintenance, careful attitude to the environment, finally, a favorable aesthetic impact ... It is not enough to create technical system, it is necessary to organize the social conditions for its sale, implementation and operation with maximum convenience and benefit for a person.

A manager-engineer should be not only a technician, but also a lawyer, an economist, a sociologist. In other words, along with the differentiation of knowledge, integration is also necessary, leading to the emergence of a generalist who knows, as they say "nothing about everything."

To solve these newly emerging sociotechnical problems, new types of higher educational institutions are being created, for example, technical universities, academies, etc.

Huge volume modern knowledge in any subject, and most importantly, this continuously expanding flow requires from any university to educate the student in scientific thinking and the ability for self-education, self-development. Scientific thinking was formed and changed with the development of science as a whole and its individual parts.

Currently, there are a large number of concepts and definitions of science itself (from philosophical to everyday, for example, "his example to others is science").

The simplest and rather obvious definition may be that science is a certain human activity, isolated in the process of division of labor and aimed at obtaining knowledge. The concept of science as the production of knowledge is very close, at least in terms of technology, to self-education.

The role of self-education in any modern activity, and even more so in engineering, is growing rapidly. Any, even a very slight cessation of monitoring the level of modern knowledge leads to a loss of professionalism.





In some cases, the role of self-education turned out to be more significant than traditional, systemic school and even university training.

An example of this is Niccolo Tartaglia, who studied only half of the alphabet at school (there was not enough family money for more), but was the first to solve an equation of the third degree, which shifted mathematics from the ancient level and served as the basis for a new, Galilean stage in the development of science. Or Mikhail Faraday, the great bookbinder who did not study either geometry or algebra at school, but developed the foundations of modern electrical engineering.

1.2. Classification of scientific research

Exist various grounds for the classification of sciences (for example, according to their connection with nature, technology or society, according to the methods used - theoretical or experimental, according to historical retrospective, etc.).

In engineering practice, science is often divided into fundamental, applied and developmental developments.

Usually the object of fundamental science is nature, and the goal is to establish the laws of nature. Basic research is mainly carried out in such branches as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, theoretical mechanics, etc.

Modern fundamental research, as a rule, requires so much money that not all countries can afford to conduct it. Direct practical applicability of the results is unlikely. Nevertheless, it is fundamental science that ultimately feeds all branches of human activity.

Almost all types of technical sciences, including "agricultural mechanics" are classified as applied sciences. The objects of research here are machines and technological processes performed with their help.

Private research orientation, enough high level engineering training in the country make the probability of achieving practically useful results quite high.

A figurative comparison is often made: “Fundamental sciences serve to understand the world, and applied sciences serve to change it.”

Distinguish between the targeting of fundamental and applied sciences. Applied addresses to manufacturers and customers. They are the needs or desires of these clients, and the fundamental ones - to other members of the scientific community. From a methodological point of view, the difference between fundamental and applied sciences is blurred.

Already by the beginning of the 20th century, the technical sciences, which had grown out of practice, assumed the quality of a true science, the features of which are the systematic organization of knowledge, reliance on experiment, and the construction of mathematicized theories.

Special fundamental research also appeared in the technical sciences. An example of this is the theory of masses and velocities developed by V.P. Goryachkin in the framework of "Agricultural Mechanics".

The technical sciences borrowed from the fundamental ones the very ideal of scientific character, the orientation towards the theoretical organization of scientific and technical knowledge, the construction of ideal models, and mathematization. At the same time, they provide last years significant impact on fundamental research through the development of modern measurement tools, recording and processing of research results. For example, research in the field of elementary particles required the development of the most unique accelerators developed by international communities. In these most complex technical devices, physicists are already trying to simulate the conditions of the initial "Big Bang" and the formation of matter. Thus, the fundamental natural and technical sciences become equal partners.

In experimental design, the results of technical applied sciences are used to improve the designs of machines and their modes of operation. More D.I. Mendeleev once said that "the machine should work not in principle, but in its body." This work is carried out, as a rule, in factory and specialized design bureaus, at the test sites of factories and machine test stations (MIS).

The final test of the research work embodied in a particular machine design is practice. It is no coincidence that a poster was installed over the entire factory platform for the shipment of finished machines from the well-known John Deer company, which reads: “The most severe tests of our equipment begin from here.”

1.3. Systems and systems approach in scientific research

In the second half of the 20th century, the concept of system analysis became firmly established in scientific use.

The objective prerequisites for this were general scientific progress.

The systemic essence of the tasks is found in the real existence of complex processes of interaction and interconnections between the complexes of machines, their working bodies with the external environment, and methods of control.

The modern methodology of system analysis arose on the basis of a dialectical understanding of the interconnectedness and interdependence of phenomena in actually occurring technological processes.

This approach became possible in connection with the achievements of modern mathematics (operational calculus, operations research, the theory of random processes, etc.), theoretical and applied mechanics (static dynamics), and extensive computer research.

The possible complexity to which a systematic approach can lead can be judged by the report of Siemens PLM specialists published in one of the INTERNET advertisements.

In the study of stresses in the rod and shell elements of the aircraft wing, as well as the parameters of deformations, vibrations, heat transfer, acoustic characteristics, depending on random environmental influences, a mathematical model was compiled, which consists of 500 million equations.

The NASRAN software package (NASA STRuctual ANalysis) was used for the calculation.

The calculation time on the 8-core IBM Power 570 server was approximately 18 hours.

The system is usually specified by a list of objects, their properties, imposed relationships and functions performed.

Characteristic features of complex systems are:

The presence of a hierarchical structure, i.e. the possibility of dividing the system into one or another number of interacting subsystems and elements that perform various functions;

Stochastic nature of the processes of functioning of subsystems and elements;

The presence of a goal-oriented task common to the system;

Exposure of the control system by the operator.

On fig. 1.1. the block diagram of the system "operator - field - agricultural unit" is presented.

–  –  –

The studied parameters are taken as input variables technological process and their characteristics (depth and width of the processed strip, yield, humidity and weediness of the processed heap, etc.).

The vector U(t) of control actions may include steering wheel turns, changing the speed of movement, regulating the cutting height, pressure in the hydraulic or pneumatic systems of machines, etc.

The output variables are also a vector function of quantitative and qualitative assessments of the results of work (actual productivity, power costs, degree of crumbling, cutting weeds, evenness of the treated surface, grain loss, etc.).

The studied systems are divided into:

On artificial (created by man) and natural (taking into account the environment);

On open and closed (taking into account the environment or without it);

Static and dynamic;

managed and unmanaged;

Deterministic and probabilistic;

Real and abstract (which are systems of algebraic or differential equations);

Simple and complex (multilevel structures consisting of interacting subsystems and elements).

Systems are sometimes subdivided according to the physical processes that make them work, such as mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, thermodynamic, electrical.

In addition, there may be biological, social, organizational and managerial, economic systems.

The tasks of system analysis are usually:

Determination of the characteristics of the elements of the system;

Establishing links between elements of the system;

Evaluation of the general patterns of functioning of aggregates and properties that belong only to the entire system as a whole (for example, the stability of dynamic systems);

Optimization of machine parameters and production processes.

The starting material for solving these issues should be the study of the characteristics external environment, physical-mechanical and technological properties of agricultural environments and products.

Further, during theoretical and experimental studies, regularities of interest are established, usually in the form of systems of equations or regression equations, and then the degree of identity of mathematical models to real objects is estimated.

1.4. Structure of scientific research in applied sciences

Work on a research topic goes through a series of stages that make up the so-called structure of scientific research. Of course, this structure largely depends on the type and purpose of the work, but such stages are typical for applied sciences. Another conversation is that some of them can contain all the stages, while others do not. Some of the stages may be large, others smaller, but you can name (highlight) them.

1. Choice of research topic (statement of the problem, tasks).

2. Study of the state of the art (or state of the art, as it is called in patent research). One way or another, this is the study of what was done by the predecessors.

3. Putting forward a hypothesis about the method of solving the problem.

4. Justification of the hypothesis, from the point of view of mechanics, physics, mathematics. Often this stage is the theoretical part of the study.

5. Experimental study.

6. Processing and comparison of research results. conclusions on them.

7. Fixing the research priority (filing a patent application, writing an article, report).

8. Introduction to production.

1.5. Methodology of scientific research The results of any research to a greater extent depend on the methodology for achieving results.

Research methodology is understood as a set of methods and techniques for solving the tasks.

There are usually three levels of method development.

First of all, it is necessary to provide the basic methodological requirements for the forthcoming research.

Methodology - the doctrine of the methods of cognition and transformation of reality, the application of the principles of the worldview to the process of cognition, creativity and practice.

A particular function of methodology is to determine approaches to the phenomena of reality.

The main methodological requirements for engineering research are considered to be a materialistic approach (material objects are studied under material influences); fundamentality (and the associated widespread use of mathematics, physics, theoretical mechanics); objectivity and reliability of conclusions.

The process of movement of human thought from ignorance to knowledge is called cognition, which is based on the reflection of objective reality in the mind of a person in the process of his activity, which is often called practice.

The needs of practice, as noted earlier, are the main and driving force behind the development of knowledge. Cognition grows out of practice, but then itself is directed to the practical mastery of reality.

This model of cognition was reflected very figuratively by F.I. Tyutchev:

“So connected, united from time immemorial by the Union of consanguinity The rational genius of man With the creative power of nature ...”

The methodology of such research should be tuned to the effective implementation of the results of transformative practice.

To ensure this methodological requirement, it is necessary that the researcher have practical experience in production, or at least have a good idea of ​​it.

Actually, the research methodology is divided into general and particular.

The general methodology refers to the entire study as a whole and contains the main methods for solving the tasks.

Depending on the objectives of the study, the study of the subject, deadlines, technical capabilities, the main type of work is chosen (theoretical, experimental, or, in any case, their ratio).

The choice of the type of research is based on a hypothesis about the method of solving the problem. The main requirements for scientific hypotheses and how to develop them are set out in chapter (4).

Theoretical research, as a rule, is associated with the construction of a mathematical model. An extensive list of possible models used in engineering is given in chapter (5). The choice of a specific model requires the erudition of the developer or is based on analogy with similar studies in their critical analysis.

After that, the author usually carefully studies the corresponding mechanical and mathematical apparatus and then, on its basis, builds new or refined models of the processes under study. Variants of the most common mathematical models in agroengineering research are the content of subsection 5.5.

Most fully, before the start of work, they develop a methodology for experimental studies. At the same time, the type of experiment is determined (laboratory, field, single or multifactorial, search or decisive), designing a laboratory installation or equipping machines with instrumentation and recording equipment. In this case, metrological control over their condition is mandatory.

Organizational forms and content of metrological control are discussed in paragraph 6.2.6.

The issues of experiment planning and organization of field experiments are discussed in Chapter 6.

One of the main requirements for classical experiments in the field exact sciences is the reproducibility of the experiments. Unfortunately, field studies do not meet this requirement. The variability of the field conditions does not allow the experiments to be reproduced. This shortcoming is partly eliminated detailed description experimental conditions (meteorological, soil, biological and physical-mechanical characteristics).

The final part of the general methodology usually consists of methods for processing experimental data. Usually, they refer to the need to use generally accepted methods of mathematical statistics, with the help of which the numerical characteristics of the measured values ​​are estimated, confidence intervals are built, goodness of fit criteria are used to check membership in the sample, the significance of estimates of mathematical expectations, variances and coefficients of variation, and variance and regression analyzes are carried out.

If random functions or processes were studied in the experiment, then when processing the results, their characteristics (correlation functions, spectral densities) are found, which, in turn, evaluate the dynamic properties of the systems under study (transfer, frequency, impulse, and other functions).

When processing the results of multivariate experiments, the significance of each factor, possible interactions is evaluated, the coefficients of the regression equations are determined.

In the case of experimental studies, the values ​​of all factors are determined at which the studied value is at the maximum or minimum level.

Currently, electrical measuring and recording complexes are widely used in experimental studies.

Typically, these complexes include three blocks.

First of all, this is a system of sensors-converters of non-electric quantities (such as, for example, displacements, speeds, accelerations, temperatures, forces, moments of forces, deformations) into an electrical signal.

The final block in modern research is usually a computer.

Intermediate blocks ensure the coordination of sensor signals with the requirements of the input parameters of computers. They may include amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, switches, etc.

A similar description of existing and prospective measurement methods, measuring systems and their software is described in the book "Testing Agricultural Machinery".

Based on the results of experimental data processing, conclusions are made about the inconsistency of the experimental data with the put forward hypothesis or mathematical model, the significance of certain factors, the degree of model identification, etc.

1.6. Research program

In collective scientific work, especially in established scientific schools and laboratories, some of the stages of scientific research may be missed for a particular performer. It is possible that they were produced earlier or entrusted to other employees and departments (for example, filing an application for an invention can be entrusted to a patent specialist, implementation work in production - to a design bureau and research and production workshops, etc.).

The remaining stages, specified by the developed implementation methods, make up the research program. Often the program is supplemented with a list of all research tasks, a description of the working conditions and the area for which the results are prepared. In addition, the program is supposed to reflect the need for materials, equipment, areas for field experiments, to assess the costs of research and the economic (social) effect of the introduction into production.

As a rule, the research program is discussed at the meetings of the departments, scientific and technical council, and it is signed by both the performer and the head of the work.

Periodically, the implementation of the program and work plan for a certain period is monitored.

2. Choice of a research topic, social order for the improvement of agricultural technology The choice of a research topic is a task with very many unknowns and the same number of solutions. First of all, you need to want to work, and this requires a very serious motivation. Unfortunately, the incentives that promote normal work - decent earnings, prestige, fame - are ineffective in this case. It is hardly possible to give an example of a rich scientist. Socrates sometimes had to walk barefoot through the mud and snow and only in one cloak, but he dared to put reason and truth above life, refused to repent of his convictions in court, was sentenced to death, and hemlock finally made him great.

A. Einstein, according to his student, and then collaborator L.

Infeld, wore long hair in order to go to the hairdresser less often, did without socks, suspenders, pajamas. He implemented the minimum program - shoes, trousers, shirt and jacket - a must. Further reduction would be difficult.

Our remarkable popularizer of science, Ya.I., died of starvation. Perelman. He has written 136 books on entertaining mathematics, physics, a box of riddles and tricks, entertaining mechanics, interplanetary travel, world distances, etc. Books are reprinted dozens of times.

The founders of agricultural engineering, Professor A.A., died of exhaustion in besieged Leningrad. Baranovsky, K.I. Debu, M.Kh. Pigulevsky, M.B. Fabrikant, N.I. Yuferov and many others.

The same thing happened to N.I. in prison. Vavilov, the world's largest geneticist. Here another very strange connection between the state and representatives of science is manifested - through prison.

The victims of the Inquisition were Jan Huss, T. Campanella, N. Copernicus, J. Bruno, G. Galileo, T. Gobbe, Helvetius, Voltaire M. Luther. The forbidden books (which could not only be read, but also kept under pain of death) include the works of Rabelais, Ockham, Savonorola, Dante, Thomas Moore, V. Hugo, Horace, Ovid, F. Bacon, Kepler, Tycho de Brahe, D. Diderot, R. Descartes, D'Alambert, E. Zola, J.J. Rousseau, B. Spinoza, J. Sand, D. Hume and others. Separate works by P. Bale, V.

Hugo, E. Kant, G. Heine, Helvetia, E. Gibbon, E. Kaabe, J. Locke, A.

Mitskevich, D.S. Milla, J.B. Mirab, M. Montel, J. Montesquieu, B. Pascal, L. Ranke, Reynal, Stendhal, G. Flaubert and many other outstanding thinkers, writers and scientists.

In total, about 4 thousand individual works and authors appear in the publications of the papal index, all of whose works are prohibited. This is practically the whole color of Western European culture and science.

It's the same in our country. L.N. was excommunicated from the church. Tolstoy, the famous mathematician A. Markov. P.L. Kapitsa, L.D. Landau, A.D. Sakharov, I.V. Kurchatov, A. Tupolev and among the writers N. Klyuev, S. Klychkov, O. Mandelstam, N. Zabolotsky, B. Kornilov, V. Shalamov, A. Solzhenitsyn, B. Pasternak, Yu. Dombrovsky, P. Vasiliev, O. Bergholz, V. Bokov, Y. Daniel and others.

Thus, making money in Russia is difficult and dangerous.

One of the motivations for scholarship could be fame, but, you see, the fame of any today's television joker will surpass an arbitrarily bright scientific work, and even more so its author.

Among operating motivations only three remain for scientific work.

1. Natural human curiosity. For some reason, he needs to read books, solve problems, crossword puzzles, puzzles, come up with a lot of original things, etc. A.P. Alexandrov, who at one time was the director of the Institute of Physical Problems and the Institute of Atomic Energy, is credited with the words widely known today: "Science makes it possible to satisfy one's own curiosity at public expense." Subsequently, many retold this idea. But still, in one of the last works of A.D. Sakharov, agreeing with this motivation, noted that the main thing was still something else. The main thing was the social order of the country.

"This was our concrete contribution to one of the most important conditions for peaceful coexistence with America."

2. Social order. Any specialist of the country, being a member of civil society, occupies a certain place in this society. Of course, this part of the society has certain rights (among its representatives are technical managers or administrators) and responsibilities.

But the duty of the technical manager is to improve production, which can go in many directions.

The most important of these is the need to lighten the hard work of people, which is more than enough in agriculture. There has always been, is and will be the task of increasing labor productivity, the quality of work, the efficiency and reliability of equipment, comfort and safety. If we talk about problematic issues and directions for the development of agricultural machinery, there are so many of them that there will be enough work for our entire generation, much will remain for children and grandchildren.

If we very briefly outline the main problems of mechanization of only individual operations in agriculture, then we can show the vastness of the range of possible application of forces.

Soil cultivation. Every year, the arable layer of the planet is shifted by farmers by 35–40 cm. Huge energy costs and not fully substantiated technologies of minimal and no tillage often lead to soil overconsolidation and contribute to weed infestation of fields. In a number of areas of the country and individual fields on farms, the use of soil protection technologies that protect against water and wind erosion is required. Summer heat in extreme years sets the task of introducing moisture-saving technologies. But after all, each technology can be implemented in many ways, using certain working bodies, and even more so their parameters. The choice of the method of processing each field, the justification of the working bodies and their modes of operation is already a creative activity.

Application of fertilizers. The poor quality of fertilizer application not only reduces their effectiveness, but sometimes leads to negative results (uneven development of plants and, as a result, uneven maturation, which makes harvesting difficult, requires additional costs for drying an unripe crop). The high cost of fertilizers has led to the need for local application and the so-called precision, coordinate farming, when, according to pre-compiled programs, while the unit is moving, guided by satellite navigation systems, the seeding rate is continuously regulated.

Plant care. The choice of chemicals, the preparation and application of the required doses in the required place is also associated with precision farming systems, computerization of units.

Harvest. The problem of the modern combine. The machine is very expensive, but not always efficient. In particular, in bad weather, it has a very low cross-country ability, and work in these conditions is associated with huge losses. Seeds are severely damaged. Scientists are working on more effective options - threshing at a hospital (Kuban technology), threshing from stacks left in the field when frosts set in (Kazakh technology); new technology when light car collects grain together with small straw and floor, and cleaning is carried out at the hospital; varieties of the old sheaf technology, when sheaves, for example, are tied into large rolls.

Post-harvest processing of grain. First of all, the problem of drying. The national average moisture content of grain at the time of harvesting is 20%. In our zone (Western Urals) - 24%. In order for the grain to be stored (conditional grain moisture is 14%), it is necessary to remove 150 ... 200 kg of moisture from each ton of grain.

But drying is a very energy intensive process. Currently, alternative technology options are also being considered - canning, storage in a protective environment, etc.

The introduction of coordinate, precision farming poses even more problems. Requires orientation in space with a very high accuracy (2...3 cm), since the field is considered as a set of heterogeneous areas, each of which has individual characteristics. GPS technology and special equipment for differential application of consumables are used for optimal application of drugs as the implement passes through the field. This allows you to create the best conditions for plant growth on each section of the field, without violating environmental safety standards.

So many problems have a well-studied and now highly mechanized process of cultivating grain crops. There are far more of them in questions of the mechanization of the cultivation of potatoes, vegetable and industrial crops, fruits and berries.

There are a lot of unresolved problems in the mechanization of animal husbandry and fur farming.

Tractors and automobiles are constantly being improved in the direction of efficiency, safety, and reliability. But the problem of reliability itself is very broad, it affects the quality of workmanship, the materials used, the processing and assembly technology, the methods of technical operation, diagnostics, maintenance, maintainability, the presence of a developed dealer and repair network, etc.

3. The ability to creatively solve a wide range of tasks related to the need to maintain the performance of machines.

When machines operate in specific, sometimes difficult conditions, design flaws are often found. Machine operators often fix them without deep recourse to science. Somewhere they will weld a reinforcing plate, strengthen the frame, improve access to lubrication points, put safety elements in the form of shear bolts or pins.

First of all, the students' own observations of the shortcomings of machines are useful. In assignments for educational and especially production practices, such work is prescribed. Subsequently, the elimination of these shortcomings may be the subject of term papers and theses. But the introduction of changes in the design must be recorded and comprehended from a different point of view. They may be the subject of an invention or rationalization proposal, depending on the degree of novelty, creativity and usefulness.

The specific choice of topic is, of course, individual. Most often, tasks are determined by work experience. For young students who do not have work experience, it can be successful to connect undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty members to research. Scientific work is carried out by all teachers of the faculty, and any of them will accept a volunteer assistant in their team. There is no need to fear the loss of time, as they will be more than compensated for in the course projects and thesis, the development of creative, engineering, scientific thinking, which will be necessary for a lifetime. Circles of scientific student work are organized in all departments. Work in them, as a rule, is individual, in the free time for the student and the teacher. The results of the work can be presented at annual scientific student conferences, as well as various city, regional and all-Russian competitions of student works.

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