An example of completing a research paper. Research work in elementary school: topics, design, examples

Rules for the design of research papers

1.Object area, object and subject.
Work on any research begins with the definition of the named "system". It consists of three elements: "object area", "object" and "subject" of the study. The object area of ​​research is the area of ​​science and practice in which the object of study is located. In school practice, it may correspond to one or another academic discipline (for example, in the field of economics, philology, natural sciences).

The object of research is a certain process or phenomenon that gives rise to a problem situation (you can propose a problem that is not covered by the school curriculum, but supplements and clarifies the material studied at school).
An object is a kind of carrier of the problem - what research activity is aimed at (a more specific narrow area of ​​​​research).
The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is carried out. The subject of research can be phenomena as a whole, their individual aspects, aspects and relationships between individual parties and the whole (a set of elements of connections, relationships in a specific area of ​​the object). The subject of the research determines the topic of the work.

2. Topic, problem and relevance of the study.
The topic is the perspective from which the problem is considered. It represents the object of study in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work.
The main criteria for choosing a topic:
* it is desirable that the topic be of interest to the student not only at this moment, but also for the future;
* it is very good if the choice of topic is mutually motivated by the interest in it of both the student and the teacher. To some extent, this may be reminiscent of the traditional master-apprentice relationship;
* The theme must also be feasible in the existing conditions. This means that equipment and literature should be available on the chosen topic.
The formulation of the topic reflects the coexistence in science of what is already known and what has not yet been explored, i.e. the process of development scientific knowledge. For this reason, the stage of justifying the relevance of the topic becomes a very important stage in the preparation of the study.
To substantiate relevance means to explain the need to study this topic in the context overall process scientific knowledge. Determining the relevance of the study is a mandatory requirement of the work.

3. Definition of the hypothesis.
Having clarified the topic as a result of studying the special literature, the researcher can begin to develop a hypothesis. This is one of the most crucial moments of work on the study. Let us first look at the definition of the concept itself.
The hypothesis must satisfy a number of requirements:
* be verifiable;
* contain an assumption;
* be logically consistent;
* match the facts.
When formulating a hypothesis, verbal constructions of the type are usually used: “if ..., then ...”; "because..."; "provided that ...", i.e., those that direct the researcher's attention to the disclosure of the essence of the phenomenon, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.

4. Purpose and objectives of the study.

AT general view the goal and objectives should clarify the directions in which the proof of the hypothesis will go.
The goal of the study is the end result that the researcher would like to achieve when completing his work. Let's highlight the most typical goals. They may be the determination of the characteristics of phenomena not previously studied; identification of the relationship of certain phenomena; study of the development of phenomena; description of a new phenomenon; generalization, identification of general patterns; creating classifications. The goal of the study can also be formulated different ways traditionally used in scientific speech cliche. Let's give examples of some of them.
You can target:
* reveal...;
* install...;
* substantiate...;
* clarify...;
* develop....
It is necessary to formulate the tasks very carefully, since the description of their solution in the future will form the content of the chapters. The headings of the chapters are born precisely from the formulations of the problems.
The task of the study is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward. Objectives are best formulated as a statement of what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved. The setting of tasks is based on the division of the research goal into subgoals. The enumeration of tasks is based on the principle from the least complex to the most complex, time-consuming, and their number is determined by the depth of the study.

5. Conducting scientific research

Conducting a study includes two successive stages: the actual conduct (the so-called technological stage), the analytical, reflective stage. At the final stage, it is advisable to consider a way to present the results of your research to the school, district conference, work out the forms of presentation in the form of a printed work, theses, electronic presentation, comprehend possible recommendations on practical application results, i.e. plan the implementation phase of the study.

6. Registration of research work

It is generally accepted that the design is an insignificant, purely formal stage in the creation of a printed article of a scientific study. Actually it is not. Registration of research results is one of the most time-consuming stages of work.
Basic requirements for their design:
* by content:
* substantiation of the relevance of the topic;
* main thesis;
* argumentation, evidence and facts confirming the thesis put forward;
* main conclusions;

The introduction should include: a statement of the topic; The relevance of research; research problem; object, subject; purpose, tasks; hypotheses; research methods; study structure; its practical significance; brief analysis literature.
The volume of the introduction is small, usually 2-3 pages.

The main (substantive) part of the work may contain 2-3 chapters. (The name of this part as the main one is rather connected with its greater volume than the other parts, rather than with the meaning, since, for example, the introduction is no less significant part work).
Chapter 1 usually contains the results of the analysis of special literature, the theoretical substantiation of the research topic;
chapters 2-3 describe the practical stages of work, interpretation of data, identification of certain patterns in the phenomena under study during the experiment. Each chapter ends with conclusions.
The conclusion is usually no more than 1-2 pages. The main requirement for the conclusion: it should not verbatim repeat the conclusions of the chapters. In conclusion, the most general conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated and recommendations are offered. The degree of achievement of the goal is noted, the prospects for further research are indicated.

Compiling a bibliographic list requires special accuracy.

Rules for listing various options publications.
A book by one or more authors:
1 / Mayorov, A. N. Theory and practice of creating tests for the education system. - M.: Intellecttsentr, 2001. - 296 p.
2. Shishov, S. E., Kalney, V. A. Monitoring the quality of education at school. - M.: Russian Pedagogical Society, 1998. - 354 p.
3. Goss, V. S., Semenyuk, E. P., Ursul, A. D. Categories modern science: formation and development. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 268 p.
Collection with a collective author:
Theoretical problems and technologies of innovative management in education: Sat. scientific articles / comp. O. S. Orlov. ~ Veliky Novgorod-RIS, 2000. - 180 p.
Newspaper and magazine article:
Mikhailov, G.S. Psychology of decision making //Journal of Applied Psychology. -2001. - No. 5. - S. 2-19.
Encyclopedia and dictionary entry:
Biryukov, B. V., Gastev, Yu. A., Geller, E. S. Modeling // BSZ. - 3rd ed. - M., 1974. - T. 16. - S. 393-395.
Innovation // Dictionary-reference book on scientific and technical creativity. -Minsk, 1995. -S. 50-51.
Internet article:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/ - encyclopedia, an article about the influence of sounds on a person;
http://freesoft.org/CIE/ - encyclopedia, English-speaking countries
http://mega.km.ru/ - mega encyclopedia of KM, determination of the speed of a falling body;

A special status has such a heading of a scientific text as an appendix.
An appendix is ​​a part of the text of a scientific study that has an additional (usually reference) value necessary for a more complete coverage of the topic. It is placed after the main text. In terms of content, among the applications, copies of Documents, statistical materials, etc. are distinguished. In form, they are texts, graphs, maps, tables, etc.
The main requirements for the design of applications can be formulated as follows:

* placed after the bibliographic list;
* in the table of contents, the appendix is ​​drawn up as an independent heading, with continuous pagination of the entire text;
* each application is drawn up on a separate sheet and must have a heading in the upper right corner.

Another special piece of body text is the footnotes.
Notes contain explanations, clarifications, additions placed inside the text in various ways:

* in parentheses;
* sublinear (formulated as footnotes);
* after paragraphs or chapters.

What can be a note?

* Definition of terms or obsolete words.
* reference Information about people, events, works.
* Translation foreign words and offers.
* Explanations of the main text.
* Notes are placed in the main text as a footnote.

Illustrations for the research work are placed in order to make the material presented clear, specific, and figurative.
Drawings are best placed immediately after the first mention of them in the context of the work. If, after mentioning the figure, the remaining space on the page does not allow it to be placed, then the picture can be placed on the next page.

Tables, like figures, are located after the first mention of them in the text of the work. If the tables are not directly related to the text, then they can be placed in the application. All tables should have headings that briefly describe the content of the tabular data.

Quotations in the text of the work (in all versions) must be enclosed in quotation marks. Each quotation should be cited as the source. After bringing the parts of the work into a single whole, it is recommended to carry out a continuous numbering of footnotes.
When presenting the concept of any author, you can do without citations. In this case, the main thoughts of the author are described in strict accordance with the original in meaning. But in this case, it is necessary to make a footnote to the source.
Quotes can also be used to illustrate your own judgments. However, the researcher must be extremely careful in quoting and carefully monitor its correctness. Incomplete, deliberately distorted and tailored to the purpose of the researcher, the quotation does not decorate his work and does not add to its significance.

In addition to the formal features of the presentation of the material, the researcher should think about the language in which the results of his work will be presented. A successful presentation and a competent literary language are already a considerable advantage in themselves and are able to emphasize its most successful moments. This is especially important at the final stage of the study - its protection.

7. Protection of research results.

It should be remembered that the entire performance is given no more than 5-7 minutes. According to the regulations, you can count on an additional 1-2 minutes, but no more. Neither the topic (it has already been announced), nor what was read (the list of references) should be discussed. In no case should the defense be reduced to a retelling of the entire content of the work. If you failed to interest the audience in the time allotted according to the regulations, its extension will only increase the misunderstanding and irritation of the listeners.

It is best to start preparing a report by thinking through its structure. A clear and clear idea of ​​the work of the speaker himself is the key to understanding his audience. The report can be divided into 3 parts, consisting of separate but interconnected blocks.

The first part, in fact, briefly repeats the introduction of the research paper. Here the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the scientific problem is described, the research objectives are formulated and its main methods are indicated. In order for your presentation to arouse the interest of the audience, it is very important to properly set up the audience from the very beginning of your speech. There are several ways to get the audience's attention, here are some of them: you can start your speech by giving an example, interesting quote, a figurative comparison of the subject of the speech with a specific phenomenon, with a story, a case, a task of a problem or an original question.

In the second part, the largest in volume, you need to present the content of the chapters. The commission pays special attention to the results of the study, personal contribution the author in it. Therefore, after a brief summary of the content of the chapters of the abstract, to emphasize separately what the novelty of the proposed work is, it can be the methods used for the first time in relation to this material, the results of the study you have achieved. When presenting the main results, you can use pre-prepared schemes, drawings, graphs, tables, videos, slides, videos. The displayed materials should be designed in such a way that they do not overload the presentation and are visible to all present in the audience.

In the third part, it is advisable to briefly outline the main conclusions based on the results of the study, without repeating the conclusions that have already been made in the course of presenting the contents by chapters. In conclusion, try to create a culmination of the speech, invite the audience to reflect on the problem, show possible options further research, use a quote on the topic of an essay by a famous scientist. Pay special attention to the speech of the speaker. It should be clear, grammatically accurate, confident, expressive. If the speaker tries to speak quickly, swallowing the endings of words, quietly, indistinctly, then the quality of his speech is reduced. A calm, consistent and well-reasoned presentation of the material impresses the listeners. But use scientific style does not at all mean neglect of the use of figurative comparisons, contrasts, unusual facts to keep the attention of the audience.

Structure, logic and design of students' research work

• Malinovskaya Evdokia Andreevna , biology teacher

Sections: Extracurricular work

I. Recommendations for writing a research paper: experimental or theoretical.

1. Structure and logic of research work.

Research work, like any creativity, is possible and effective only on a voluntary basis. Educational research can unfold outside the classroom and regular academic work as additional, extracurricular, extracurricular work.

The main stages of the research work are the following provisions:

• Find a problem - what needs to be studied.
• The topic is what to call it.
• Relevance - why this problem needs to be studied.
• The purpose of the study is what result is expected to be obtained.
• A hypothesis is what is not obvious in an object.
• Novelty – what is new during the research.
• Research objectives - what to do - theoretically and experimentally.
• Literature review - what is already known on this issue.
• Research methodology - how and what was researched.
• The results of the study are our own data.
• Conclusions - brief answers to the tasks.
• Significance - how the results affect practice.

Let's consider the above steps in more detail.

The structure of the research work is standard, and standards cannot be deviated from. In the development with which the study begins, there are two main parts: methodological and procedural. . First, it is necessary to highlight what needs to be studied - the problem.

Problem must be feasible, its solution must bring real benefit study participants. Then it should be called - topic .

Topic it must be original, it must have an element of surprise, unusualness, it must be such that the work can be done relatively quickly.

It is necessary to decide why this particular problem needs to be studied at the present time - it is relevance .

The research work should formulate goal - what result is expected to be obtained, in what way, in in general terms, this result is seen even before it is obtained. Usually the goal is to study certain phenomena.

In the study, it is important to highlight hypothesis and protected positions. A hypothesis is a prediction of events, it is a probable knowledge that has not yet been proven. Initially, the hypothesis is neither true nor false - it is simply not proven. .

Protected statements are what the researcher sees, but others do not notice. The position in the process of work is either confirmed or rejected. The hypothesis must be substantiated, that is, supported by literary data and logical considerations.

After defining the goal and hypotheses are formulated tasks research. Objectives and goals are not the same thing. There is one goal of research work, but there are several tasks. Tasks show what you are going to do. The formulation of the tasks is closely related to the structure of the study. Moreover, separate tasks can be set for the theoretical part and for the experimental part.

The work must be presentliterature review, i.e. a brief description of what is known about the phenomenon under study, in what direction are the studies of other authors. In the review, you must show that you are familiar with the area of ​​research from several sources that you put new task rather than doing what has already been done before you.

Then it is described technique research. Her detailed description must be included in the text. This is a description of what and how the author of the study did to prove the validity of the hypothesis put forward.

The following are results research. Own data obtained as a result research activities. The data obtained must be compared with the data of scientific sources from a review of the literature on the problem and the patterns discovered in the course of the study should be established.

It should be noted novelty results, what is done from what others have not noticed, what results are obtained for the first time. What shortcomings in practice can be corrected with the help of the results obtained during the study.

It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the working data and the data presented in the text of the work. In the process of research, a large array of numbers is often obtained, which do not need to be presented in the text. Therefore, only the most necessary data is processed and presented. However, it must be remembered that someone may want to get acquainted with the primary material of the study. In order not to overload the main part of the work, the primary material can be moved to Appendix .

The most advantageous form of data presentation is graphical, which makes it as easy as possible for the reader to perceive the text. Always put yourself in the reader's shoes.

And the work ends conclusions . In which thesis, in the order of the tasks, the results of the study are presented. Conclusions are short answers to the question - how the research tasks were solved.

The goal can be achieved even if the initial hypothesis fails.

2. Protection procedure.

The next stage is a report as a natural outcome of the research work. The results of the work are presented at the conference, publicly.

The task of the speaker: to accurately and emotionally state the very essence of the study. During the report, it is unacceptable to read out the work, but to briefly reflect the main content of all chapters and sections of the work. It must be borne in mind that the duration of the speech allowed by the regulations is 10-15 minutes. Therefore, when preparing a report, the most important is selected from the text of the work. Sometimes you have to "sacrifice" and some important points if you can do without them . When presenting the material, one should adhere to a separate plan that corresponds to the structure and logic of the research work itself.

Everything else, if the audience has an interest, is stated in the answers to questions.

A written work and a report on it are completely different genres of scientific creativity.

II. General requirements and rules for the design of texts of research papers.

For the design of texts of research papers and abstracts, there are General requirements and rules.

The volume of the abstract ranges from 20 to 25 pages of printed text (without attachments), the report - 1-5 pages (depending on the class number and the student's readiness for this kind of activity).

For computer-generated text, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5-2; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm. (when changing the size of the margins, it must be taken into account that the right and left margins, as well as the upper and lower margins, must total 40 mm.). With the right parameters, the page should fit an average of 30 lines, and an average of 60 printed characters per line, including punctuation marks and spaces between words.

Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the number of the page number is placed at the top center of the page; The title page does not have a page number. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) begins with new page.

The distance between the section title (chapter or paragraph headings) and the following text should be three spaces. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

Title page is the first page of the manuscript and is filled out according to certain rules.

The top field contains the full name. educational institution, separated from the rest of the title page by a solid line.

In the middle field, the name of the topic of the abstract without the word “topic” is indicated. This name is written without quotes. The title of the abstract should reflect the problem stated in it and correspond to the main content of the work. When formulating a topic, you should follow the rule: the narrower the topic, the more words are contained in the title. One or two words testify to the vagueness, lack of specificity in the content, that the work is “about everything and about nothing”.

Below, in the center of the heading, the type of work is indicated and subject(for example, an examination abstract in biology).

Even lower, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the student, class are indicated. Even lower - last name, first name, patronymic and position of the head and, if any, consultants.

The lower field indicates the city and year of work (without the word “year”). The choice of the size and type of font of the title page is not of fundamental importance. After the title page is placed table of contents , which lists all the titles of the work and specifies the pages they start on. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Followed byintroduction, main text(according to the division into sections and with brief conclusions at the end of each section) and conclusion . The main text may be accompanied by illustrative material (drawings, photographs, diagrams, diagrams, tables). If the main part contains quotations or references to statements, it is necessary to indicate the number of the source according to the list and the page in square brackets at the end of the quotation or reference.

For example:

Ancient wisdom says: “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I will remember, let me do it myself and I will learn” . After the conclusion, it is customary to placeList of sources(at least 3-5), which, as noted above, may include a variety of their types. When making a list of sources, literature is listed first (author, book title, city, publisher, year, number of pages), and then other sources. The list is built and numbered alphabetically by the names of the authors. If the source does not contain its author, then in the list such a source takes its place according to its name. .

Of course, we are talking about educational research, the results of which are often known to the public knowledge. But this job, like no other, creates motivation for learning and creative activity, forms professional qualities.

Research work can be done by one student or by a group. The level of difficulty and content must exceed the level educational material at least one class. The student may not be interested in this subject, but he is engaged in research activities and it brings certain benefits. The task of observing, describing and summarizing the results of the work falls on the student, i.e. primary actions. The material must be available for research, and the execution of the work is relatively simple.

I will touch on the role of the teacher in research activities. The teacher acts as a consultant, suggests directions, edits the text. Here are some algorithms for the teacher's activities in organizing research activities:

1. To create positive motivation to work through the formulation of an interesting problem.
2. Joint participation of teacher and student in the analysis of the problem.
3. Familiarization with research methods.
4. Drawing up a work plan.
5. Search for contradictions.
6. Intermediate control and correction of work performed.
7. Work protection.
8. Finalization and protection of the work.

Rules for registration of research work

Research work is written report about some phenomenon or process. In the course of the research work, the compiler must answer the questions: why (research problem), what (research area), and how (research method) were researched, and what are the results and conclusions reached during the work.

The topic of research work can cover any subject area.
In a research paper, one cannot represent the opinions of other authors without making references. In research work, you can use the conclusions of other authors, but when comparing and analyzing these conclusions, you need to make your own.

General requirements

Research work is carried out on A4 format in soft cover. The work must be done on a computer. The work is written only on one side of the page. Font size 12 (14) Times New Roman, regular, line spacing 1(1.5). All pages are numbered starting from the title page. The page number is placed at the bottom center of the page; the page number is not placed on the title page. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) starts on a new page. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

Logical construction of work:

1. Title page
2. Table of contents
3. Introduction
4. Main body of work

• theoretical part
• practical part

1. Conclusion
2. References
3. Applications

Title page

• Name educational institution, in which the work was performed, region and locality
• Name of the children's association
• Work theme
• Surname, name, patronymic of the author
• Age (class)
• Surname, name, patronymic of the head of work
• Year of completion

Note: the content should be placed on a separate page, like any other structural element.

Introduction

• substantiation of the relevance of the topic,
• formulation of the problem,
• the object, subject and purpose of the study are determined,

Note: the purpose of the work should be formulated specifically, not in general terms.

• a hypothesis is formed, tasks and methodological foundations research
• describes novelty and practical significance work

Note: Adjustment of the introduction may continue until the complete completion of all work. The volume of the introduction is no more than one page of typewritten text. There is no need to include any illustrations in the "Introduction" section.

Main body of work

1. Theoretical part

• review of the literature on the research topic;
• collected material is analyzed and summarized

When analyzing the literature, the following scheme can be used:

• author, brief reference about him;
• the problem that the author poses in his research;
• sources on the basis of which the study is written;
• main ideas, concepts put forward by the author;
• author's conclusions;
• your opinion about this study.

Note: it is necessary that in the process of presenting the content of this part of the work, the author should make the transition from the analysis of single factors to their theoretical generalization. At the end of the theoretical part, conclusions containing the main theoretical provisions are obligatory. Places cited in the manuscript should have precise indications, references to the source.

If the work contains quotations or references to statements, it is necessary to indicate the number of the source according to the list and the page in square brackets at the end of the quotation or reference. For example: According to Einstein, space and time are relative, they depend on the speed of the reporting system

1. Practical part

• contains specific developments of the content and methods that show ways to solve the problems and tasks;
• describes what and how the author did to prove the hypothesis put forward, is a research methodology
• describes the results obtained during the study

Note: the data of the experimental part of the study should be presented in the form of graphs, tables, charts, etc. At the end of the chapter, it is necessary to clearly formulate conclusions on the practical part of the work.

Conclusion

• summarizing the results of the study,
• the theoretical novelty and practical significance of the study have been proved,
• possible prospects for further development of the problem are identified;
• recommendations
• general conclusions on the work as a whole

Note: conclusions should not be summary work or its section. The most important conclusion should be placed first, and then arranged in descending order of importance.

• the correspondence of the conclusions to the set goals and objectives was revealed
• possible prospects for further development of the problem are identified.

Note: the conclusion should not repeat the content of the chapters, but represent a generalization of more high level, synthesis of all received data.

List of used literature

• the list of literature should contain various types of publications: normative, reference, scientific, periodicals, etc.
• The list of references contains a listing of all the articles and books mentioned in the text. It is needed so that any reader can find any book or article according to the data in the list.
• the list is compiled according to a certain standard, which can be found in any scientific article.
• articles and books in the list are usually located in alphabetical order by the names of the authors. If there are several authors, the place is determined by the surname of the first of them. The following order of recording is usually used: surname, initials, title of the book, place of publication (city), name of the publisher, year. If we are talking about an article, the order is as follows: surname, initials; article title; magazine, volume, number, year, pages.
• if there are jobs on the list foreign languages, they follow the list of Russian literature in Latin alphabetical order.

Applications

The placement of quantitative data is done mainly in the following ways:

• Organizing information in the form of tables
• Representation of information using graphic images(graphs, charts, etc.)
• Accompanying the text with illustrations in the form of photographs, drawings, drawings, diagrams, maps, drawings, etc.

Application submission rules:

• all applications are located at the end of the work;
• each application starts on a new page and has a meaningful title;
• appendices should have continuous pagination in common with the rest of the work;
• the application number is placed in the upper right corner above the application title; after the word "Appendix" the sign "No" is not put;
• all applications in the main part of the work should be referenced.

Work language

The work must be written clearly and concisely. literary language inherent in this subject. Slang and colloquial phrases are not allowed in research work.

List of used literature and Internet resources

1. Pavlova V.P. Note-taking training. - M.: Russian language, 1978
2. Technology of research activities of students: Methodological guide / S.A. Yanovsky. - Syktyvkar, 2006
3. http://chimik.ucoz.ru/publ/kak_napisat_issledovatelskuju_rabotu/1-1-0-6
4. http://rus-gmo.at.ua/load/uchis_uchitsja/kak_napisat_issledovatelskuju_rabotu/17-1-0-98

The researcher must write the paper logically, correctly using the necessary terminology, and during the defense clearly state his thoughts and give specific arguments. R&D has several classifications:

• fundamental, the acquisition of new theoretical knowledge, scientific data and patterns in the area under study;
• search, development of the latest formation forecasts in science and technology, as well as the search and discovery of patterns that did not exist;
• applied, solving certain scientific problems to create new solutions (development of methods, recommendations and step-by-step instructions).

Compiling a scientific work, the student must independently conduct research that can solve specific problems. The work should fully reveal all the accumulated knowledge and skills of the student. R&D sets certain goals for the student, which are important to consider when researching and writing all the material:

• develop skills for independent research that can be applied to solve actual problems;
• careful research is existing works both in our country and abroad;
• the ability to independently study the chosen problem;
• demonstration of skills to analyze and systematize the data obtained during the research;
• develop an interest in R&D.

As soon as the student receives the assignment, he should familiarize himself with it and, if necessary, do not hesitate to ask questions. There is no need to postpone the work for later, as it can be delayed. It is necessary to work on scientific work regularly, qualitatively fulfilling all the tasks and recommendations of the head. R&D needs to be done regularly and given a lot of time, but it's worth it, because in just a few semesters you can get a real quality work. It is important not to get upset if something does not work out, because everyone is learning and there is nothing to worry about. The student needs to remember four basic rules that will help to successfully cope with the task:

• work regularly;
• the leader does not have to completely direct all the steps of the student;
• do not hesitate to take the initiative;
• understand that everyone has the right to make mistakes.

Theme, task and material of the research work

Topic- this is a very broad understanding, which may change in the course of writing the work. The topic can be directed in any direction convenient for the student, so that it favorably emphasizes his knowledge and understanding in the chosen work.

A task- this is a more specific concept, since it has a clear statement, it is also called DNA (what is Given, what is to be found and what are the Criteria for solving the problem). Tasks are more complex and easier, the leader independently chooses the student based on his skills.

Material is information that is provided exclusively in in electronic format. This may be a proof of a theorem, various graphs, a draft report, the results of experiments and experiments. Over the years of study, the student must learn to present their work in the format that is required.

Selecting an appropriate research topic

Two practical steps which will help you choose the right topic for writing a scientific work. A teacher can choose a topic for a student, or he chooses a topic on his own, depending on his knowledge and preferences. The choice can be made in favor of many sciences:

• mathematics ("Limiting figures", "Dense packings and periodicity", "Trigonometry and complex numbers", "Equations and systems", "Mathematics and music", etc.);
• physics (“Structure of the Galaxy”, “Influence of the moon”, “Space masers”, “Ionic layers of the space system”, “Problem of launching the Republic of Belarus into space”, etc.);
• physics and chemistry (" General physics, chemistry and development of physical chemistry”, “Limits of the Periodic system”, “Dense packings, shells and nuclei”, “Ionization and dissociation energies”, etc.);
• Chemistry ("Past and Future periodic systems”, “Chemistry as the basis of biology”, “The concept of phlogiston as an electron”, “Chemistry and transformations of sugar”, etc.);
• biology ("Classes of Plants", "Mysteries of Sleep", "Analysis of Mortality", "Electrograms of Various Organs", "Vavilov-Lysenok Project", etc.);
• biology and chemistry (“The need for potassium content in the body”, “The role of radioisotopes in biology”, “The development of the green revolution”, “Main causes of death”, etc.);
• man, society, state (“Nervous and Mental Diseases and Disorders”, “German Psychology, Goethe's Analysis”, “SOS-Complex”, “Right of Offense”, “Rights of Students”, etc.);
• introduction to economics;
• story.

Research structure

All scientific work must be drawn up in accordance with established standards, so it must be presented in this way:

• title page (the first page filled out according to certain rules);
• content (second page, chapters and paragraphs with their corresponding pages are indicated on it);
• introduction (the problem is indicated, as well as its relevance and practical significance of the problem);
• the main part (it is necessary to fully reveal the essence of scientific work);
• conclusion (succinctly formulate the conclusion of the material);
• conclusion;
• Bibliography;
• applications.

How to write a research paper correctly

Experienced specialists have developed a single correct algorithm that will help you write a high-quality research paper. The student should carefully study this development and adhere to these recommendations. Then he will be able to carry out his plan without any problems:

• it is necessary to collect all available information on this issue;
• conduct a thorough analysis and summarize the knowledge gained;
• develop a well-planned action plan;
• choose a method for conducting research;
• conduct research;
• carefully process the information received;
• it is necessary to arrange the material in writing in the form of a holistic text;
• submission of work for review;
• granting for protection;
• work protection.

Research work (R&D) - how to write correctly updated: February 15, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

Requirements for content and design

research work

Spend Scientific research- that's only half the job. The most important condition success becomes its clearance.

The structure of the research work is standard, and standards cannot be deviated from.

Requirements and rules for formatting text

research work

The volume of work ranges from 5 to 15 pages of printed text (without attachments), a report (speeches) - 1-5 pages (depending on the class number and the degree of readiness of the student for this kind of activity).

For computer-generated text, font size 14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm. including punctuation marks and spaces between words.

Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the page number is placed at the bottom of the page on the right; The title page does not have a page number. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of references, applications) begins on a new page.

The distance between the section title (chapter or paragraph headings) and the following text should be three spaces. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

Plan (content) research work

Research work should contain:

1. Title page

2. Table of contents

3. Introduction

4. Main body

5. Conclusion

6. Bibliography

7. Applications (if any)

Title page

Title pageis the first page of the manuscript and is filled out according to certain rules.

The upper field indicates the full name of the educational institution.

In the middle field, the name of the topic of the work without the word “topic” is indicated. This name is written without quotes. The title should reflect the problem stated in it and correspond to the main content of the work. When formulating a topic, you should follow the rule: the narrower the topic, the more words are contained in the title. One or two words testify to the vagueness, lack of specificity in the content, that the work is “about everything and about nothing”.

Below, in the center of the heading, the type of work and the academic subject (for example, research work in biology) are indicated.

Even lower, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the student, class are indicated. Even lower - last name, first name, patronymic and position of the head.

The lower field indicates the city and year of work (without the word “year”). The choice of the size and type of font of the title page is not of fundamental importance.

Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text.

Introduction

In the introduction, it is necessary to reflect the relevance of the topic, determine the goal and objectives set for the researcher, give short review used literature, present the degree of knowledge of this issue

Main body of work

Description of the main part of the work includes:

Date and place of the study. Here it is necessary to give a brief geographical characteristic places where the work was carried out: region, district, name of the nearest locality; if necessary - the name of the forest, river, area of ​​the territory on which observations were made, etc.; and indicate the timing of the research.

The purpose of the work and its tasks. It indicates what the work was done for, what had to be observed and found out. Tasks expand purpose. Tasks can begin with the words "Install", "Reveal", "Find out", "Explore".

Method of work. The results of the work depend on the number of experiments, observations and their processing. This chapter indicates the methods by which the observations were made; how many there were; what measurements were taken, etc.; what methods of processing primary data were used. Everything must be described in detail. This is due to the need to clarify: the methods, which scientific school Was used.

A methodology is a description of how the work was done. Usually the technique is written in the past tense.

Description of the work (or Results and their discussion). Here is a presentation of observations, the results of experiments, measurements, comparisons, accounts and their discussion. The description of the work does not provide for rewriting the diary of observations. All received data must be processed and comprehended. Bringing all the received data into tables or presenting them in graphs and charts is the most visual and economical way to process primary data. But by themselves, tables, diagrams and graphs are only material for descriptions and reflections. This should be the main content of this chapter. In addition, it is advisable to discuss the obtained data and compare them.

Tables, graphs, figures and other supporting materials inserted into the main text of the work must have a number and clear titles. When analyzing the data included in the table, it is necessary to make a reference in the text of the work to the table under discussion (graph, etc.). It is usually customary to refer as follows: “As can be seen from the data (precisely from the data, and not from the table) presented in Table. one …". All results to be discussed should reflect only our own observations and experiences. It is possible (and sometimes necessary) to compare them with the data contained in the literature on this topic, with a mandatory reference to the sources used.

Conclusion

Here are brief formulations of the results of the work, answering the questions of the tasks set, in the form of concisely stated points. There should not be an explanation of the results obtained or their content, i.e., the description of the work should not be repeated. It must be remembered that a negative result is also a result and must be made public.

References

The list of literature of the research work is made up of only those sources that are referenced in the text. When compiling a list in scientific circles, it is customary to use the alphabetical method of grouping literary sources, where the names of authors or titles (if there are no authors) are placed in alphabetical order.

For books of one or more authors, the surname and initials of the authors (dot), title of the book without quotes with a capital letter (dot and dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher without quotes (comma), year of publication (dot and dash) , the number of pages in the book with a capital "c" at the end (dot).

Example: Perret-Clermont social interactions in the development of children's intelligence. - M.: Pedagogy, 1991. - 248 p.

For a compiling collection of two or three authors, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, followed by the word
"Comp." (dot) initials and surname of the compilers (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), name of the publisher (without quotes, comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages in the collection with a capital letter "s".

For example: Tips for the Manager /Comp. A. N. Zotov,. - Sverdlovsk: Middle-Ural. Book. Publishing house, 1991. - 304 p.

When making a collection with a team of authors under a common
the title of the collection is indicated by the editors (one oblique line) yes
can be either the word "Comp." and lists a number of compilers
(semicolon), the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher

"s", dot), or the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher
(comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital
"s", dot).

For example: Brief dictionary Russian language / Comp. , M N. Sudoplatova, ; Ed. . - M.: Russian. Yaz., 1990. - 251 p.

Psychology. Dictionary / Under the general. Ed. , . - 2nd ed. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 494 p.

For articles in the collection, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the work (dot, two oblique lines), title
collection (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, dash), capital letter
"C" (dot), number of the first and last pages(dot).

Example: Leontiev's concept of activity // Reader in developmental psychology. Ed. .-M.: Intern. pedagogical Academy, 1994. - S. 112-121.

For articles in the journal, the surname and initials of the author (dot), the title of the article (two oblique lines), the title of the journal
without quotes (dot, dash), year of publication (dot, dash), journal number
(dot, dash), capital letter "C" (dot) of the page (dot).

Example: Einstein V. Examinees and Examiners // Higher education in Russia. - 1999. - No. 3. - S. 34-42.

Applications

Often the material collected as a result of the research is very voluminous. And when processing it, a lot of diagrams, tables, graphs, drawings, etc. are made. It makes no sense to put them all in the text of the work. They will look better placed in Appendixes after the main text. Some primary material can also be placed here, for example, descriptions of test sites or measurements and survey data, as well as diagrams and photographs made during the work. But in any case, the material placed in the appendix should be referenced in the main text.

Other requirements for text formatting

research work

Making illustrations. A significant part of the explanatory note is usually made up of illustrations (diagrams, diagrams, drawings, photographs, etc.), which serve to clarify the text presented and display information in a compact way.

Drawings are conveniently placed on individual pages, which makes it easier to work and make corrections in the text. The drawings are placed in place so that it is convenient to view them without turning the work, or with turning it clockwise. Allowing multiple images to be placed on one page.

Headings. The names of sections, subsections, paragraphs and subparagraphs are written in the form of headings symmetrically to the text in font size 14 pt. Each section of the work is recommended to start from a new sheet. Headings should be short and relevant to the content. Word hyphenation in headings is not allowed. Do not put a dot at the end of the title. Headings should not be underlined. The spacing between the bases of the lines in the headers should be the same as in the test. Subheadings should not repeat what has already been said in the subheading.

Formatting footnotes. Footnotes are numbered Arabic numerals on each page of the text independently. Footnotes are separated by a line. When the same source is cited several times, then after the first full bibliographic description, it is allowed to abbreviate its data (indicate only the author, title and page). Footnotes that go in a row on the same page of text and refer to the same source are written like this: "Ibid., p. ...".

Requirements for the design of citations and references

Citations are often used to support one's own conclusions and to critically analyze a particular provision. When citing, the following requirements must be met:

When quoting verbatim, the author's thought is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in
original source. At the end, a reference is made to the source, which indicates the number of the book or article in the list of references and the page number where the quote is located, for example: the designation indicates that the quote used in the work is on page 123 in the original source at number 4 in the list of references .

When quoting verbatim (retelling, presenting the points of view of various authors in your own words), the text is not enclosed in quotation marks. After the expressed thought, it is necessary to indicate the number in brackets
source in the list of references without indicating specific pages, on
example: .

If the text is quoted not according to the original source, but according to another
publication, then the reference should begin with the words “Cit. By…” or “Cit.
according to the book .... " and indicate the page numbers and the source number in the list of references, for example: (Quoted from the book).

If a quotation acts as an independent sentence, then it
begins with an uppercase letter, even if the first word in the original source begins with a lowercase letter and is enclosed in quotation marks. Quote,
included in the text after subordinating union(what, for, if, by
the fact that) is enclosed in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter, even
if in the cited source it begins with a capital letter.

When quoting, it is allowed to skip words, sentences, paragraphs without distorting the content of the original text. Pass in
the text is indicated by ellipsis and is placed in the place where the thought is omitted.

Quotations retain the same punctuation as in the cited source.

In modern scientific literature, internal text links are used. Their design is possible in two versions. First: after the mention of the author, in square brackets, the serial numbers of those sources that are referenced in the text are indicated. For example: The works reveal... The second option: after the mention of the author, the year of publication of the monograph, article is indicated in accordance with the list of references used in the work. Example: In a number of works (1957), (1965), (1956), (1966) new approaches to the study of consciousness are formulated.

Some students, as well as applicants for a scientific degree, will have to face such a task as R&D. But how to write this research paper at the university, no one really knows. Well, except for us, of course.

Why do you need research work at the institute?

R&D is the same type of work as all the others (,). Like all of them, research work is intended for those who are eager to get to the bottom of things and phenomena, want to understand and analyze some natural phenomena, and also intends to make some kind of discovery himself.

Research is a process of acquiring knowledge, conducting research.

It remains only to learn how to write a research paper.

Let's figure it out.

If you are faced with such a difficult task, and you are “not boom-boom”, do not worry. Here are a few tips that will help you cope easily and naturally:

1. Correctly formulate the research topic. Do not take too broad a question to study. For example, if you are a fan of Gogol, you should not take all of his work. Stop at a certain life span of his life or study the history of the creation of "Viy". If you get stuck on this task, ask your supervisor for help.
2. Discuss scope of work. As a rule, it will be affected by the level of difficulty. For example, a student for a speech at scientific conference should prepare about 20-30 pages of printed text. In the graduation project, research work can reach 100 sheets.
3. Review past research on the topic. Compare them with your own data and draw conclusions.
4. At the very beginning, formulate the goal of the work and tasks. This will help with the conclusion. Yes, and in achieving goals it is much better when you clearly formulate them for yourself.
5. Determine Relevance. List possible solutions to the problem. Before writing an introduction to a research paper, you should find out for yourself why this particular topic was chosen.
6. Work on the main part. Here they describe the intermediate results of the study, observations and experiments, and draw preliminary conclusions.
7. Follow the logic of work. After writing it, it is necessary to review and determine whether the logical order, the sequence of the course of research or thoughts is violated.
8. Work out the conclusion. Here you need to summarize the work done, describe its merits, and also determine further ways in the selected area.
9. Compose bibliographic list . can be the same as in other scientific works.

And here you can see a general structural blueprint of how to write an R&D:

You will also need the same plan before writing the R&D report (if required).

Like any student work, a research paper must be drawn up according to strict rules:

1. After writing, check the work for stylistic, grammatical or spelling errors. The main part should not exceed 30-35 pages. The text should be typed with one and a half intervals in the 14th font. Page numbering should be done in Arabic numerals in the upper right corner of the page.
2. Used graphs, diagrams, diagrams, tables should be used in the course of presentation of the material. Additional information is best placed in the appendices. All tables should be numbered with Arabic numerals within the section.
3. The style of references to sources throughout the work should be the same. When using direct quotations, they must be enclosed in quotation marks.
4. When designing the title page, the name of the organization for which the research is being carried out is indicated at the top. The name of the research work, its type (term paper, diploma, etc.) are indicated in the center of the sheet. A little lower on the right, they write the name of the student, as well as the supervisor, his position. At the very bottom, the city and year of the work are affixed. In general, before writing a research paper, be sure to look at the examples finished works or ask your supervisor for a sample of previous years.
5. Applications start on a new sheet. The word "application" is written in the upper right corner. Each such sheet should have its own title.
6. The bibliographic list should be arranged alphabetically by the names of the authors.

Do not worry! Millions of students have written research papers in their lives. Nobody has died from this yet. And you will certainly succeed. However, if you already have somewhere to spend your precious time, we recommend that you turn to special student services with this task. They certainly did this task a couple of billion times. So why bother about this even for you? ..

In this section, we review the existing requirements for the design of a research paper students, performed individually under the guidance of a teacher (educator) or a group of schoolchildren (pupils) of an educational institution.

We give an example and a sample of project design in primary school, on the world around, mathematics, Russian language and literature, history, biology, physics, computer science, chemistry, English language, geography and other subjects.

We will show an example and a sample of the design of the research work of schoolchildren, the requirements and rules for designing the project pages, title page, headings, abbreviations and formulas in the design of the project, the correct design of drawings, graphs, diagrams, tables and photographs.

The presented requirements and rules for the design of a research work (project) are applicable for schoolchildren in grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, as well as for preschool educational institutions (kindergartens). A research paper completed by a student or teacher must be formatted in accordance with the rules set out on this page.

Research paper page options

• left margin - 20 mm
• right - 10 mm
• top - 15 mm
• bottom - 15 mm

The text of the research work (project) is typed Times New Roman.

Font size 14 .

Line spacing - 1,5 (one and a half).

Aligning text on a page - in width.

Mandatory paragraph indents with a value at the discretion of the author. Text research project must be legible and well-formed.

Title page of research paper and project

We provide an approximate design for the title page of a research paper.

Research Project Pagination

At the end of the page of the research paper should be numbered. On the first page, the number is not put, the numbering is put and continues from the second page. The page number is located at the bottom center.

It is not allowed to use frames, animations and other elements for decoration in the design of research work.

Titles in Research Paper

The section heading is printed in bold, with a capital letter and no dot at the end. Wrapping words in headings is not allowed. Between the text and the headline, an indent of 2 intervals is made.

Each chapter of the research work is drawn up from a new page. The chapters are numbered with Arabic numerals (1., 2., ...). The paragraph numbering includes the chapter number, period, paragraph number (for example, 1.1., 1.2., 1.3., etc.).

If paragraphs contain paragraphs, then paragraphs are numbered with three digits separated by a dot, for example, 1.1.1., 1.1.2., etc., where the first digit is the chapter number, the second is the paragraph number, the third is the paragraph number.

Abbreviations and formulas in the design of a research paper

The text does not often use abbreviations other than generally accepted ones (D.I. Alekseev Dictionary of Abbreviations of the Russian Language - M., 1977).

When surnames are mentioned in the text of the research project famous people(authors, scientists, researchers, inventors, etc.), their initials are written at the beginning of the surname.

If you use formulas in the text, give an explanation of the symbols used (for example: A + B \u003d C, where A is the number of sweets Masha has, B - Dasha has sweets, C - total candies).

Designing project applications

Figures and photographs, graphs and diagrams, drawings and tables should be located and formatted at the end of the description of the research project after the List of References on separate pages in the appendices (for example: Appendix 1, Appendix 2, ...). On these pages, the inscription Appendix 1 is located in the upper right corner.

Pictures, photographs, graphs, diagrams, drawings and tables

Figures in appendices are numbered and signed.
Their name is placed under the picture (for example: Fig. 1. Feeder for tits, Photo 1. Forest in winter, Graph 1. Change in the sales parameter, Diagram 1. Wheat growth dynamics.

The tables in the appendices are also numbered and titled. In tables, lines of text are single-spaced. The numbering and title are placed under the table (Table 1. Student performance at the school).

When completing a research paper, at the end of the sentence in which the application is referred to, they write (Appendix 1). A prerequisite should be the presence of the application itself at the end of the research work or project.

If you need design creative project , for this we recommend using