Research projects for. Recommendations for the design of student research projects in physics

Individual research project on the topic “Art around us. Birth of a book»

“Art is all around us. V. Demidov 9-a "

research project

Art around us

Miass
Mentor:
Botova Olga Nikolaevna,
teacher of fine arts and MHC,

MKOU "Secondary School No. 11"

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...............................................3

Chapter 1. What is a book? ....................................... ................................................. ..........four

Chapter 2. The appearance of the book………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ....................5

Chapter 3 The invention of paper ………………………………………………………………………6

Chapter 4 Typography in Russia …………………………………………………………….7

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...10

References

Introduction

The relevance of research

Object of study: the birth of a book

Subject of study: book

Research methods:

Theoretical significance

Practical significance

Chapter 1. What is a book?

Seven wonders of the world are known in the world: the majestic Egyptian pyramids, the statue of Zeus in Olympia, the hanging gardens of the Assyrian queen Semiramis in Babylon, the temple of Artemis of Ephesus, the statue of the god Helios in the harbor of Rhodes, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and the lighthouse in Alexandria. There is another miracle of the world, no less amazing, it is familiar to each of us, but we are so used to this creation of the human mind that we rarely think about the history of its creation. And a miracle is always at hand and, like a true friend, is ready for any a minute to come to the rescue, teach, advise, encourage, tell about interesting events. This is a BOOK, a brilliant invention of mankind.

The book enters a person's life from the very beginning. early childhood, and we get used to it, just as we get used to the air we breathe, to the sun that illuminates everything around. In infancy, before we have learned to read, we leaf through picture books and learn about the world around us in drawings. Then comes the time for fairy tales, wise, funny and sad tales, where behind the fantastic events one can guess real life. "The tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a good lesson for the good fellow ...". The older we get, the wider the range of our reading. Textbooks, travel books, stories about the heroes of the past and our contemporaries, reference books, dictionaries. Little books that fit in your pocket, and heavy volumes of large format, modest books without illustrations and colorful albums. Is it really possible to enumerate all the book wealth that surrounds us!

In order for the book to come into being, the writer collected facts for it, studied the life of the heroes of the future work, meticulously selected the most the right words- exactly those that will make readers laugh or cry later. The artist worked on the book for a long time: he thought over its layout, design, created illustrations. The publishing house employees brought together the work of the writer and the artist, chose a beautiful font for the book, prepared the manuscript for a long journey through the printing shops, where the birth of the book would take place. But that's not all. The book contains the work of people of dozens of different professions: lumberjacks felled wood, workers at a paper mill made paper from this wood, miners mined coal and ore, metallurgists welded metal for printing machines, machine builders made machines. And then compositors, printers, bookbinders worked ... This is how it happens " ordinary miracle" - book.

But the book in this sense did not appear immediately. She had many prototypes in the old days.

Chapter 2

So how did the book come about? In ancient times there were no books, but this does not mean that people did not have any information. People invented fairy tales, songs, myths, and passed them from mouth to mouth. With each generation there was more and more information and already people could not remember it all. Then they began to look for a way out and began to come up with various ways to remember (write down) information. They began to write on clay tablets, stones, animal skins, birch bark, etc. The very first books appeared more than five thousand years ago in Mesopotamia. These were clay tablets, on which wedge-shaped signs were applied with a pointed stick. The tablets were burned on fire and acquired the strength of stone. Each consisted of tens or hundreds of clay "pages" laid in a wooden box - the oldest book binding. Information has reached our days about the fabulously rich library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (669-633 BC), which contained tens of thousands of books on various branches of knowledge: mathematics, history, medicine, geography, and so on. During the fire, the royal palace perished in the fire, but the clay books survived. With their help, scientists were able to learn the history of the ancient states in Mesopotamia, and many literary works of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylon were included in the golden fund of world literature. Ancient Egypt long ribbons of papyrus were used for writing. Papyrus - a relative of our sedge - grew in abundance along the banks of the Nile. Its stems were cut into strips, dried and glued, and smoothed out with a stone to make them smooth. The Egyptians wrote with a thin reed, instead of ink they used black and red paints. The text was written in black ink, and the beginning of each new section was highlighted in red. This is how the expression "red line" appeared, which now denotes a new line in the beginning of a paragraph. To make the papyrus book more convenient to use, one end of the tape was attached to a stick and the scroll was wound around it. As bindings, round wooden or leather cases were used, in which papyrus scrolls were kept.

In different countries, people used the most various materials. In India, for example, they wrote on palm leaves, which were then carefully sewn together and enclosed in a wooden binding. In China, before the invention of paper, bamboo was used for writing, in ancient Novgorod they wrote on birch bark. Cattle-breeding tribes have long used animal skin for writing. This material was destined long life. In world history, the Asia Minor city of Pergamum became famous for the invention of parchment, which was written on for about two millennia. The method of making parchment was rather complicated. The skin of the animal was thoroughly washed and soaked in ash, then cleaned from the remnants of wool, fat, meat. The skin was stretched on frames, smoothed with pumice stone, dried and carefully scraped, cut with a knife, giving it a smooth surface. Over time, the wider spread of writing, an increase in demand for a book, led to the need to abandon too expensive parchment. It was replaced by paper, and parchment continued to be used for the most valuable and important letters, acts, and historical documents.

Chapter 3

The time and place of the invention of paper is not exactly known. In any case, judging by the Chinese chronicles, the "classical" paper, with sizing in the mass, was created by Cai Lun in 105 AD. e. in China.

good varieties papers were produced from hemp, linen rags or cotton. Scraps of rags were soaked, boiled with ash or lime, washed and ground. It turned out a liquid slurry - paper pulp. It was scooped up in a special form - a wide rectangular sieve, then the form was quickly overturned onto a smooth board, the wet mass sheet was dried, squeezing water out of it with a press.

The art of the paper master was to scoop up uniform portions of the mass, otherwise the thickness of the paper sheets turned out to be different. Later, paper was made from crushed wood.

The book yard began its work in 1563. Along with ecclesiastical books, more and more secular works appear in the book "marketplaces", buyers began to show interest in the writings of Greek and Roman authors, chivalric novels, historical chronicles, alphabet books, medical "herbalists". It was at this time that Tsar Ivan the Terrible “ordered that a standard be compiled in his glorious city of Moscow, that is, the business of printed books.”

The printing house was already quite a complicated enterprise in those days. It was necessary to establish a type-casting business - the production of a type, - the preparation of paint, to equip typesetting cash desks, printing presses, bookbinding devices.

Not far from the Kremlin, a building with a tower and lattice gates appeared - Printing Yard. For ten years they were engaged in its device They were educated people who knew book business well. In 1563, the Printing House began to produce the first book. She was called "Acts of the Apostles" and left the printing house only a year later, on March 1, 1564.

The book was printed in a large format, had forty-eight headpieces, twenty-two initial letters and other typographic embellishments of high artistic skill. The book has five hundred and thirty-four pages, the binding is made of wooden planks covered with leather. The edition was printed by master Ivan Fedorov in the first Russian state printing house - the Moscow Printing House. About fifty copies of this book have survived to this day.

This book was followed by other publications, the Printed book began to successfully compete with the handwritten book, ousting it from the market, and the "Acts of the Apostles" remained in the history of domestic printing, as the first Russian book that has the exact date coming out.

The cover draws attention to the book and its content. The title page is informational, like movie credits. The flyleaf is like the general mood of the book.

An important part of the book is the book illustration. Illustrations accompany the book from the earliest times.

The history of the development of illustration is inseparable from the development of the book. Drawings are known that accompany the text of the Book of the Dead, an Egyptian papyrus scroll from 1400 BC. e. There were also illustrations in the most ancient printed book (scroll) "Diamond Sutra" (China, 868). Medieval handwritten books were decorated with magnificent miniatures, they were made by the best artists. Such books are unique and priceless, it is not for nothing that they are proud of. national museums and libraries.

In ten volumes of the Personal Chronicle (illustrated chronicle) of Ivan the Terrible, there are over 16 thousand miniatures dedicated to various events in Russian history. The range of objects depicted by the artists is quite wide - these are buildings, weapons, clothes, household items. By these miniatures one can judge the people of that time, the external signs of their private and public life.

Our parents and us, their children, early years familiar illustrations of the Russian artist - illustrator Ivan Bilibin. This artist best conveys the mystery and antiquity of the Russian folk tale.

Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (1876-1942) made illustrations for Russian folk tales“The Frog Princess”, “Feather Finist-Yasna Sokol”, “Vasilisa the Beautiful”, “Marya Morevna”, “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”, “White Duck”, to the tales of A. S. Pushkin - “The Tale of Tsar Saltan "(1904-1905), "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel" (1906-1907), "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" (1939) and many others. Painter developed - in the technique of ink drawing, tinted with watercolors - a special "Bilibino style" of book design, continuing the traditions of ancient Russian ornamentation.

It's time, my friend, it's time! The heart asks for peace

Days fly after days, and every hour takes away

A piece of life, and we are together

We suppose to live, and look, just die.

There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and will.

I have long dreamed of an enviable share -

For a long time, a tired slave, I planned an escape

To the abode of distant labors and pure bliss.

Alexander Pushkin.

This book, according to my grandmother's story, came into our family by accident. In her youth, she loved the work of A.S. Pushkin.

Conclusion

What is my relationship with books?

I read a lot, for me, books are a small world in which I can hide from all life's problems and really relax. The book speaks to me in its own special language, it takes me to distant lands, tells about the events of a thousand years ago and what is happening in the world today, its sheets, covered with even lines, make me laugh and suffer, experience with such sharpness, as if I I myself am a direct participant in the action, about which the author tells.

Only by reading a book can a person become what he has never been and plunge into this wonderful atmosphere of a miracle.

Currently, it is predicted that in the future the book will be completely replaced by electronic means of storing and transmitting information.

I believe that people will not refuse a book, since a book is a special work of art, where the talent of artists of the word and brush, the skill of a typesetter organically merge.

References

1. Lazareva, V.A. Book about books [Text]: ONYX 21st century 2003

3. http://www.heritage-books.ru

4. http://istlit.ru

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"Theses of Demidov V.9-a"

The book is an indispensable source of knowledge for any person, both for a child and an adult. Scientific progress does not stand still, modern books are full of illustrations, beautiful covers and extraordinary stories, stories and fairy tales.

The relevance of research due to the fact that today for the vast majority of schoolchildren the book is in danger of losing the important role that it played in life previous generations, which is due to a whole range of socio-economic and historical-technological conditions. The problem of promoting reading as a way of life, the issues of cultivating respect for the book and developing a love for learning are becoming relevant.

Object of study: the birth of a book

Subject of study: book

Target research work:

- show the value of the book and how it should be treated.

Research tasks

Explore what the first books were and how they were made;

Learn the history of the appearance of paper;

Learn the history of the appearance of book printing in Russia;

Find a book in the home library and find out the history of its appearance in my family;

Determine your relationship with books.

Research methods: theoretical: study and generalization of scientific literature.

Theoretical significance my research work is that the results of the research can be used to promote book printing.

Practical significance research is that it can be used by schoolchildren to improve their educational level.

What is a book?Seven wonders of the world are known in the world: the majestic Egyptian pyramids, the statue of Zeus in Olympia, the hanging gardens of the Assyrian queen Semiramis in Babylon, the temple of Artemis of Ephesus, the statue of the god Helios in the harbor of Rhodes, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and the lighthouse in Alexandria.

There is another wonder of the world, no less amazing, it is familiar to each of us, but we are so used to this creation of the human mind that we rarely think about the history of its creation.

And a miracle is always at hand and, like a true friend, is ready to help at any moment, teach, advise, encourage, tell about interesting events. This is a BOOK, a brilliant invention of mankind.

A book is a written record, a non-periodical publication in the form of bound sheets of printed material, a set of written, printed illustrated or blank sheets made of paper, parchment or other material, usually fastened on one side.

The appearance of the book The very first books appeared more than five thousand years ago in Mesopotamia. These were clay tablets, on which wedge-shaped signs were applied with a pointed stick. Information has reached our days about the fabulously rich library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (669-633 BC), which contained tens of thousands of books on various branches of knowledge: mathematics, history, medicine, geography, and so on. With their help, scientists were able to learn the history of the ancient states in Mesopotamia, and many literary works of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylon were included in the golden fund of world literature.

In Egypt, India, China, the following were used for writing: papyrus, palm leaves, bamboo, birch bark. Cattle-breeding tribes have long used animal skin for writing. Parchment has been replaced by paper.

the invention of paper The time and place of the invention of paper is not exactly known. In any case, judging by the Chinese chronicles, "classical" paper was created in the 1st century AD. e. in China. Then paper production spread to Korea, Japan, India, and Central Asia. In Western Europe, paper came into use from the 10th century, at the same time it appeared in Russia. Good grades of paper were produced from hemp, linen rags or cotton. Later, paper was made from crushed wood.

Typography in Russia Book printing appeared in Russia under Ivan the Terrible, who ordered the Sovereign Printing House to be organized for book business in Russia.

The book yard began its work in 1563.

were engaged in typography Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets. They were educated people who knew book business well. The first book was called "Acts of the Apostles" and left the printing house on March 1, 1564.

The book was printed in a large format, had forty-eight headpieces, twenty-two initial letters and other typographic embellishments of high artistic skill. The book has five hundred and thirty-four pages, the binding is made of wooden planks covered with leather.

About fifty copies of this book have survived to this day. Other editions followed this book.

The art of book design An important part of the book is the book illustration. Our parents and us, their children, from an early age are familiar with the illustrations of the Russian artist - illustrator Ivan Bilibin. This artist best conveys the mystery and antiquity of the Russian folk tale. Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (1876-1942) performed illustrations for Russian folk tales The Frog Princess, Feather Finist-Yasna Sokol, Vasilisa the Beautiful, Marya Morevna, “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”, “White Duck”, to the tales of A. S. Pushkin - “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” and many others. The artist designed in the technique of ink drawing, tinted with watercolors - a special "Bilibino style".Character traits Bilibin style: the beauty of the patterned pattern, the exquisite decorativeness of color combinations, the subtle visual embodiment of the world, the combination of bright fabulousness with a sense of folk humor, etc. Bilibin achieves special brilliance and fiction in his illustrations for the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin. Luxurious royal chambers are completely covered with patterns, paintings, decorations. Here, the ornament so abundantly covers the floor, ceiling, walls, clothes of the king and the boyars that everything turns into a kind of unsteady vision that exists in a special illusory world and is about to disappear.

Conclusion I read a lot. For me, books are a small world in which I can hide from all life's problems and truly relax.

The book speaks to me in its own special language, it takes me to distant lands, tells about the events of a thousand years ago and what is happening in the world today, its sheets, covered with even lines, make me laugh and suffer, experience with such sharpness, as if I I myself am a direct participant in the action, about which the author tells.

I believe that every person should read books, because without them people begin to degrade. A full life is impossible without books. Currently, it is predicted that in the future the book will be completely replaced by electronic means of storing and transmitting information. I believe that people will not refuse a book, since a book is a special work of art, where the talent of artists of the word and brush, the skill of a typesetter organically merge.

In our family library, I found a rare and wonderful book: Pushkin in Portraits and Illustrations. This book contains a complete biography of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It was published in Leningrad in 1954. The book is really rare, because its circulation is only 50,000 copies.

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“Art is all around us. Demidova V.9a"

Municipal state educational institution

"Secondary school No. 11"

Research project: "Art around us"

Mentor: Botova Olga Nikolaevna, teacher of fine arts and MHK,

MKOU "Secondary School No. 11"

People stop thinking when they stop reading. Denis Diderot - French philosopher

The relevance of research due to the fact that today for the vast majority of schoolchildren the book risks losing the important role it played in the lives of previous generations, which is due to a whole range of socio-economic and historical-technological conditions. The problem of promoting reading as a way of life, the issues of cultivating respect for the book and developing a love for learning are becoming relevant.

The purpose of the research work:

Show the value of the book and how to treat it.

Research tasks

Explore what the first books were and how they were made;

Learn the history of the appearance of paper;

Learn the history of the appearance of book printing in Russia;

Find a book in the home library and find out the history of its appearance in my family;

Determine your relationship with books.

Chapter 1. What is a book?

The BOOK is a brilliant invention of mankind.

The book enters a person's life from early childhood, and we get used to it, as we get used to the air we breathe, to the sun that illuminates everything around.

A book is a written record, a non-periodical publication in the form of bound sheets of printed material, a set of written, printed illustrated or blank sheets made of paper, parchment or other material, usually fastened on one side.

Chapter 2

The very first books appeared more than five thousand years ago in Mesopotamia.

These were clay tablets, on which wedge-shaped signs were applied with a pointed stick.

Information about the fabulously rich library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (669-633 BC) has come down to our days,

which stored tens of thousands of books on various branches of knowledge: mathematics, history, medicine, geography, and so on.

Chapter 3

The time and place of the invention of paper is not exactly known.

In any case, judging by the Chinese chronicles, the "classical" paper was created in the 10th century AD. e. in China.

Then paper production spread to Korea, Japan, India, and Central Asia. In Western Europe, paper came into use from the 10th century, at the same time it appeared in Russia.

Chapter 4. Typography in Russia

Printing appeared in Russia under Ivan the Terrible

In 1563, the Printing House began to produce the first book. She was called "Acts of the Apostles"

Books were art

but it was also hard physical labor.

The typesetter manually composed lines from lead letters, from the lines - a strip of a page, then the resulting set - a form - was clamped into a frame and transferred to a printing press.

Chapter 5

Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin(1876-1942) made illustrations for Russian folk tales. I. Bilibin achieves special brilliance and fiction in his illustrations for the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin. Luxurious royal chambers are completely covered with patterns, paintings, decorations. Here, the ornament so abundantly covers the floor, ceiling, walls, clothes of the king and the boyars that everything turns into a kind of unsteady vision that exists in a special illusory world and is about to disappear. The characteristic features of the Bilibino style are: the beauty of the patterned pattern, the exquisite decorativeness of color combinations, the subtle visual embodiment of the world, the combination of bright fabulousness with a sense of folk humor, etc.

In our family library, I found a rare and wonderful book: "Pushkin in portraits and illustrations".

This book contains a complete biography of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It was published in Leningrad in 1954.

The book is really rare, because its circulation is only 50,000 copies.

This book, according to my grandmother's story, came into our family by accident.

In her youth, she loved art

A.S. Pushkin.

One day, walking along the streets of Leningrad, she met an elderly grandfather who was selling this book because he had no money for food. My grandmother took pity on him and gave away all the money she had with her.

So this book came to us. Since that time, she has experienced a lot: moving, fire, theft, but still survived to this day and continues to live in our family.

Chapter 6

Conclusion

My relationship with books

The book speaks to me in its own special language, it takes me to distant lands, tells about the events of a thousand years ago and what is happening in the world today, its sheets, covered with even lines, make me laugh and suffer, experience with such sharpness, as if I I myself am a direct participant in the action, about which the author tells.

References

1. Lazareva, V.A. Book about books [Text]: ONYX 21st century 2003

2. Pavlov, I. About your book [Text]: Children's literature 1991

3. http:// www.heritage-books.ru

4. http://istlit.ru

Municipal state educational institution

"Secondary school No. 11"

research project

Art around us

MKOU "Secondary School No. 11"

Miass city district, 2017

Project activities of schoolchildren

What is a learning project for the student and for the teacher

The project activity of schoolchildren is a cognitive, educational, research and creative activity, as a result of which a solution to the problem appears, which is presented in the form of a project.
For a student, a project is an opportunity to maximize their creative potential. This is an activity that allows you to express yourself individually or in a group, try your hand, apply your knowledge, benefit, show a publicly achieved result. This is an activity aimed at solving an interesting problem formulated by the students themselves. The result of this activity - the found way to solve the problem - is of a practical nature and significant for the discoverers themselves.
And for a teacher, an educational project is an integrative didactic tool for development, training and education, which allows you to develop and develop specific skills and design skills: problematization, goal setting, activity planning, reflection and introspection, presentation and self-presentation, as well as information search, practical application of academic knowledge, self-study, research and creative activities.

Design and research work at school is a new, innovative method that combines an educational and cognitive component, a game, scientific and creative one. The main difference between such activities for elementary school is that students, first of all, receive the first research skills, due to which specific qualities of a special way of thinking develop.

Organization of project activities

When organizing project activities in elementary school, the teacher must take into account the following aspects:

1. The project task must correspond to the age and level of development of the student.
2. The problems of future projects should be taken into account, which should be in the field of interests of students.
3. Conditions must be created for the successful implementation of projects (availability of materials, data, multimedia).
4. Before giving the students a project assignment, one should first prepare for the conduct of such activities.
5. Manage projects, help students and advise them.
6. Work out with schoolchildren the methods of project activities, while improving general educational skills.
7. When choosing a project topic, do not impose information, but interest them, motivating them to search independently.
8. Discuss with students the choice of sources of information: library, reference books, Internet, periodicals, etc.
9. In the process of preparing for project activities, it is advisable to organize joint excursions, walks, observations, experiments, actions for students.

Project types

Research projects. Schoolchildren conduct experiments, study any area, and then draw up the results in the form of wall newspapers, booklets or computer presentations. Such research projects have a positive impact on the professional self-determination of the student, and can also become the basis for future coursework, theses during student years.
Game projects. They are presented in the form of games and performances, where, playing the role of any heroes, students offer their own solution to the problems being studied.
information projects. Students collect and analyze information on any topic, presenting it in the form of a magazine, newspaper, almanac.
Creative projects. There is a lot of room for imagination here: the project can be performed in the form of an extracurricular activity, an environmental action, a video film and much more. Fantasy has no limits.

Choosing a topic and setting a project goal

The choice of project topics can be based on an in-depth study of any educational material in order to expand knowledge, interest children in the study of the subject, improve the learning process.
The project must have a clear, realistically achievable goal. In the most general sense, the goal of the project is always to solve the original problem, but in each specific case this solution has its own unique solution and implementation. This incarnation is a project product that is created by the author in the course of his work and also becomes a means of solving the problem of the project.

Stages of work on the project

180 - 140 points - "excellent";
135 - 100 points - "good";
95 - 65 points - "satisfactory";
less than 65 points - "unsatisfactory".

General view and structure of the explanatory note of the project

Title page.
Table of contents (content).
Introduction.
Main chapters.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Application.

Structural elements of the explanatory note.

Title page

The title page is the first page of the explanatory note and is filled out according to certain rules.
The top field contains the full name. educational institution. On average, the name of the project is given without the word "subject" and quotation marks. It should be as short and precise as possible - correspond to the main content of the project. If it is necessary to specify the title of the work, then you can give a subtitle, which should be as short as possible and not turn into a new title. Next, the surname, name, school number and class of the designer (in nominative case). Then the surname and initials of the project leader.
The bottom field indicates the place and year of the work (without the word "year").

After the title page, a table of contents is placed, which lists all the titles of the explanatory note and indicates the pages on which they are located. It is impossible to reduce them or give them in a different formulation, sequence and subordination. All blanks are written with a capital letter and without a dot at the end. The last word of each heading is connected by a dot to the corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.

Introduction to work

It substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set, formulates the planned result and the main problems considered in the project, indicates interdisciplinary connections, informs who the project is intended for and what is its novelty. The introduction also describes the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic). It is advisable to list the equipment and materials used in the course of the project.

Heads of the main body

The following is the formulation of the goal, and the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with it.

The first chapter of the project discusses the proposed methodology and technique for its implementation, provides a brief review of the literature and other materials on the topic.

In the next chapter (search) it is necessary to develop a bank of ideas and proposals for solving the problem considered in the project.

In the technological part of the project, it is necessary to develop a sequence for the implementation of the object. It may include a list of stages, a flow chart that describes the algorithm of operations, indicating tools, materials and processing methods.

Next, it is necessary to consider the economic and environmental assessment of the project. In the economic part, a complete calculation of the costs of manufacturing the designed product is presented. Further advertising of the project and marketing research. Particular attention should be paid to the environmental assessment of the project: the justification that the manufacture and operation of the designed product will not entail changes in the environment, disturbances in human life.

Conclusion

At the end of the project, the results are presented, their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks formulated in the Introduction is determined, and self-assessment by students of the work done by them is given.

Bibliography

After the Conclusion, a list of used literature is placed. All borrowings must necessarily have subscript references from where the cited materials are taken.

Applications

Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in applications. The application contains tables, text, graphs, maps, drawings. Each application must start on a new sheet (page) with the word "Application" in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one application in operation, they are numbered. Arabic numerals(without sign #), for example: "Appendix 1", "Appendix 2", etc. The numbering of pages on which applications are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the main text. Through it, with applications, it is carried out through references that are used with the word "look" (see), enclosed together with the cipher in parentheses ..

A research project is a self-conducted study of a student, revealing his knowledge and ability to apply it to solve specific practical problems. The work should be logically complete and demonstrate the student's ability to competently use special terminology, clearly express his thoughts, and argue proposals.

The tasks of the project are:

• development of independent research activities and their application to solving actual practical problems;
• analysis of theoretical approaches existing in domestic and foreign science in the field of ongoing research;
• conducting independent research on the chosen issue;
• systematization and analysis of the data obtained during the study;
• project protection.

Protection of a research project - presentation, justification of purposeful activities of a theoretical and practical nature in the field physical knowledge which involves independent study and analysis of literary sources, observations, experiments, analysis of the work done.

As the topics for the implementation of projects, you can choose any, in any way related to physical phenomena, processes; modern equipment and technology. The project, like research, can have both theoretical and applied orientation. The topic can be closely related to areas related to physics: mathematics, computer science, astronomy and others.

Work structure

The structure of the work should be presented as follows:

• title page;
• table of contents;
• introduction;
• chapters of the main part;
• conclusion;
• bibliography;
• applications.

The title page is the first page of the research work and is filled out according to certain rules. The upper field indicates the full name of the educational institution on the basis of which the study is carried out. In the middle field, the title of the work is given, which is drawn up without the word “subject” and is not enclosed in quotation marks. Below, closer to the right edge of the title page, the last name, first name, patronymic of the performer, class, educational institution are indicated, and then the last name, first name, patronymic of the leader, his scientific title (if any) and position, place of work. The lower field indicates the location of the educational institution and the year the work was written. A sample title page is given in Appendix 1.

The title should be on the second page. It gives the titles of chapters and paragraphs, indicating the pages from which they begin. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the titles of chapters and paragraphs in the text. When designing, the headings of steps of the same level must be placed one under the other. The headings of each subsequent stage are shifted five characters to the right in relation to the headings of the previous stage. They all start with a capital letter without a dot at the end. Page numbers are fixed along the right edge of the printed area.

The introduction fixes the problem, relevance, practical significance of the study; the object and subject of research are determined; the purpose and objectives of the study are indicated; briefly lists the methods of work. All components of the introduction should be interconnected.

The work begins with a statement of the problem, which determines the direction in the organization of the study, and is an overview of the state of knowledge in the field under study. By posing a problem, the researcher answers the question: “What needs to be studied from what has not been studied before?” Important in the process of formulating the problem is the formulation of questions and the definition of contradictions.

Proposing a problem involves substantiating the relevance of the study. When formulating it, it is necessary to answer the question: why does this problem need to be studied at present?

After determining the relevance, it is necessary to determine the object and subject of research.

In physics projects, the object of study can be understood as a process to which knowledge is directed, or a phenomenon that generates problem situation and favorites for study.

The subject of study is more specific and gives an idea of ​​how new relations, properties or functions of the object are considered in the study. The subject sets the boundaries of scientific research within a particular study.

The purpose of the study is understood as the final, scientific and practical results that should be achieved as a result of its implementation.

Research objectives represent all successive stages of organizing and conducting research from beginning to end. As a rule, the goal of research work is one, while there are several tasks. Solving the problem allows you to go through a certain stage of the study. The formulation of the tasks is closely related to the structure of the study, and separate tasks can be set both for the theoretical (review of the literature on the problem) and for the experimental part of the study. Tasks determine the content of the study and the structure of the text of the work. The first is everything that was done during the study.

An important point in the work is the formulation of a hypothesis, which should be a logical, scientifically substantiated, quite probable assumption that requires special evidence for its final approval as a theoretical position.

A hypothesis is considered scientifically sound if it meets the following requirements:

• does not include too many provisions;
• does not contain ambiguous concepts;
• goes beyond the simple registration of facts, serves to explain and predict them, affirming specifically a new thought, idea;
• testable and applicable to a wide range of phenomena;
• does not include value judgments;
• has the right style.

The chapters of the main part are devoted to the disclosure of the content of the work.

The first chapter of the main part of the work is usually built entirely on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. The project must give brief description what is known about the phenomenon under study, in what direction it was previously studied. Such a characteristic is given in a review of the literature on the problem, which is based on the analysis of several works.

In the process of presenting the material, it is advisable to reflect the following aspects:

• define, clarify the terms and concepts used in the work;
• to state the main approaches, directions of research on the problem under study, to reveal what is known this issue in science, and what is not, what is proven, but insufficiently complete and accurate;
• designate the types, functions, structure of the phenomenon under study;
• list the features of formation (factors, conditions, mechanisms, stages) and manifestations of the phenomenon under study.

In general, when writing the main part of the work, it is advisable to complete each section with a brief summary or conclusions. They summarize the material presented and serve as a logical transition to subsequent sections.

The structure of the chapter can be represented by several paragraphs and depends on the topic, the degree of development of the problem, and the type of scientific work of the student.

In the subsequent chapters of the work, which are of an experimental nature, the rationale for the choice of certain methods and specific research methods is given, information is provided on the research procedure and its stages. When describing methods, the obligatory data are: its name, author, indicators and criteria, which will be further subjected to statistical processing.

The section of the experimental part of the work ends with the interpretation of the results obtained. It is advisable to describe the results in stages, regarding the key points of the study. The analysis of experimental data ends with conclusions. When writing them, you must consider the following rules:

• conclusions should correspond to the tasks;
• conclusions should be a consequence of this study and not require additional measurements;
• conclusions should be formulated concisely, without a large number digital material;
• conclusions should not contain well-known truths that do not require proof.

A description of what and how the author of the study did to prove the validity of the hypothesis put forward is the research methodology. It should also be described in the text of the work. The following are our own data obtained as a result of research activities. The data obtained must be compared with each other and with data from the sources contained in the literature review on the problem. After that, it is necessary to formulate the patterns discovered in the course of the study. It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the working data and the data presented in the text of the work. In the process of research, a large array of numbers (or other data, for example, texts) is often obtained, which do not need to be presented. In text numbers or concrete examples serve to illustrate the results obtained during the study, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn. Therefore, usually working data is processed and only the most necessary ones are presented in the text. However, it must be remembered that someone may want to get acquainted with the primary material of the study. In order not to overload the main part of the work, the most interesting primary material can be placed in appendices. The most advantageous form of data presentation is graphical, which makes it as easy as possible for the reader to perceive the text.

The presentation of the content of the work ends with a conclusion, which is a brief overview of the study. In it, the author can evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen approach, emphasize the prospects of the study. The conclusion should not be a mechanical summary of the conclusions found at the end of each chapter of the main body. It should contain something new, essential, which constitutes the final results of the study. The conclusions in the conclusion can summarize the results of the study in the order of the tasks. Conclusions are, in a way, brief answers to questions - how the research tasks were solved. The totality of conclusions is proof of the completeness of the achievement of the goal. The goal can be achieved even if the initial hypothesis fails.

It is necessary to understand well the difference between the text of the work and the report on it. the main task speaker - to accurately formulate and emotionally state the very essence of the study, succinctly illustrating it with a small amount of bright, figuratively designed, easy-to-perceive illustrative material. During the report, it is unacceptable to read out the work, overload it with “extra” data. To highlight the essence of the study, 5-10 minutes is enough. Everything else, if the audience has an interest, is stated in the answers to questions.

At the end, after the conclusion, it is customary to place a list of references, which includes only those works that are referenced in the text, and not all articles, monographs that the author read in the course of the research work. The appendix contains a lot of material. This includes primary tables, graphs, practical results of experimental activities, etc.

Registration of research work

The amount of work may be different, the report - 1-5 pages (depending on the class and the degree of readiness of the student for this kind of activity). For computer-generated text, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm (when changing the size of the margins, it must be taken into account that the right and left, as well as the top and bottom margins should be 40 mm in total). With the right parameters, the page should fit an average of 30 lines, and an average of 60 printed characters per line, including punctuation marks and spaces between words.

Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the number of the page number is placed at the top center of the page; on the title page page number is not included. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) begins with new page.

Between the title of the section (chapter or paragraph headings) and the following text, you need to skip one line, and after the text, before the new heading, two lines. The heading is located in the middle, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

The title of the chapter is printed in bold capital letters, the title of the paragraphs is in capital letters, the selection of the titles of chapters and paragraphs from the text is carried out by putting an additional spacing. The serial number of the chapter is indicated by one Arabic numeral (for example: 1, 2, 3, etc.), paragraphs have double numbering (for example: 1.1, 1.2, etc.). The first digit indicates belonging to the chapter, the second - to its own numbering.

Citations are often used to support one's own conclusions and to critically analyze a particular provision. When citing, the following requirements must be met:

• when quoting verbatim, the author's thought is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the original source. At the end, a reference is made to the source, which indicates the number of the book or article in the list of references and the page number where the quote is located, for example: the designation indicates that the quote used in the work is on page 123 in the original source at number 4 in the list of references ;
• when quoting non-verbatim (retelling, presenting the points of view of various authors in their own words), the text is not enclosed in quotation marks. After the thought expressed, it is necessary to indicate in brackets the number of the source in the list of references without indicating specific pages, for example: ;
• if the text is cited from another edition, then the reference should begin with the words "Cit. by ... ", for example: (quoted from the book);
• if a quotation is an independent sentence, then it begins with an uppercase letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter, and is enclosed in quotation marks. A quotation included in the text after a subordinating conjunction (what, for, if, because) is enclosed in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter, even if in the cited source it begins with an uppercase letter;
• when quoting, it is allowed to skip words, sentences, paragraphs without distorting the content of the original text. A gap is indicated by an ellipsis and is placed in the place where part of the text is omitted;
• citations retain the same punctuation as in the source;
• if the author highlights some words in the above quotation, then he should specifically specify this in brackets, for example: (underlined by me - F.I. or (our italics - F.I.);
• on one page there are two or three links to the same source, then the serial number is indicated once. Further, in square brackets, it is customary to write [Ibid.] or when quoting [Ibid., p. 309];
• All citations and references in the text of the work must be formatted in the same way.

The digital data of the study are grouped into tables, the design of which must meet the following requirements:

• the word "Table" without abbreviations and quotation marks is written in the upper right corner above the table itself and its title. The tables are numbered in Arabic numerals without a number sign and a dot at the end. If there is only one table in the text, then no number is assigned to it and the word "table" is not written;
• the numbering of tables and figures can be end-to-end throughout the text of the work or independent in each section. Then it is presented by levels like chapters and paragraphs. The first numbering option is usually used in works that are small in volume and structure. The second one is preferable if there is a detailed structure of the work and a large amount of visual material;
• the name of the table is located between its designation and the content itself, it is written with a capital letter without a dot at the end;
• when transferring a table to the next page, the headings of the vertical columns of the table should be numbered, and when transferring the table to the next page, repeat only their number. Previously, above the table on the right, place the words "Continuation of table 8";
• the name of the table, its individual elements should not contain abbreviations, abbreviations that were not previously specified in the text of the work.

As illustrations in research papers, drawings, diagrams, graphs, diagrams, which are discussed in the text, can be used. When designing illustrations, remember:

• All illustrations must be numbered. If the work presents different kinds illustrations, then numbering separately for each species;
• only those illustrations are placed in the text of the work, to which it contains direct references such as "the above is confirmed by the figure ...". The rest of the illustrative material is located in the appendices;
• numbers of illustrations and their titles are written below the image, indicated by Arabic numerals without a number sign after the word “Fig.”;
• on the illustration itself, various inscriptions are allowed, if space permits. However, more commonly used conventions, which are decoded below the image;
• on schemes of all types, the features of the main and auxiliary, visible and invisible details, connections of the depicted objects or process should be expressed.

Applications can vary in content. When designing them, the following general rules should be taken into account:

• appendices are made out as continuations of the main material on the pages following it. With a large volume or format, applications are issued as an independent block in a special folder, on front side which is given the title "Appendices", and then repeat all the elements of the title page of the research paper;
• each application must begin on a new sheet, must be numbered in the upper right corner, write: Appendix 1 (2, 3 ... etc.) without a dot at the end;
• each application has a thematic title, which is located in the middle of the line;
• the numbering of pages on which annexes are given should continue the general pagination of the main text;
• the connection of the main text with the appendices is carried out through links with the word "see". The indication is usually enclosed in parentheses, for example: data (see Annex 1) can be grouped as follows.

The list of literature of the research work is made up of only those sources that are referenced in the text. When compiling a list in scientific circles, it is customary to use the alphabetical method of grouping literary sources, where the names of authors or titles (if there are no authors) are placed in alphabetical order.

The bibliographic list is drawn up in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003. "Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and compilation rules.

Rules for the design of bibliographic lists:

• For books of one or more authors, the surname and initials of the authors (dot), title of the book without quotes with a capital letter (dot and dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher without quotes (comma), year of publication (dot and dash) , the number of pages in the book with a capital "c" at the end (dot). Example: Perret-Kpermon A. N. The role of social interactions in the development of the intellect of children. - M .: Pedagogy, 1991. - 248 p.
• For a compiling collection of two or three authors, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, followed by the word “Comp.” (dot) initials and surname of the compilers (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), name of the publisher (without quotes, comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages in the collection with a capital letter "s". For example: Tips for the Manager / Comp. A. N. Zotov, G. A. Kovaleva. - Sverdlovsk: Middle-Ural. book. publishing house, 1991. - 304 p.
• When designing a collection with a team of authors under the general editorship, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, then there can be 2 options: 1) the word “Comp.” and listing the compilers (semicolon), the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher (comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital "s", dot); 2) the word "Under the editorship." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher (comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital "s", dot). For example: Brief explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Comp. I. L. Goretskaya, T. N. Polovtseva, M. N. Sudoplatova, T. A. Fomenko; Ed. V. V. Rozanova. – M.: Russ, yaz., 1990. – 251p. Psychology. Dictionary /Under common. ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. - 2nd ed. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 494 p.
• For articles in the collection, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the work (two oblique lines), title of the collection (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, dash), capital letter “C” (dot), number of the first and last pages (dot). Example: Leontiev A. Ya General concept of activity // Reader on developmental psychology. Ed. D. I. Fel'dshtein - M .: Intern. Pedagogical, Academy, 1994. - S. 112-121.
• For articles in the journal, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the article (two oblique lines), title of the journal without quotation marks (dot, dash), year of publication (dot, dash), journal number (dot, dash), capital letter " C" (dot) page (dot). Example: Einstein V. Examinees and examiners // Higher education in Russia. - 1999. - MZ. - S. 34-42.

1. First, determine the topic of your research.
2. To determine relevance, answer the question why it is necessary to conduct research on this topic. If necessary, make adjustments to the wording of your research topic.
3. To determine the problem to be solved by the research, formulate and write down the question, the answer to which will be the content of the research work. If necessary, adjust the topic and relevance of your work.
4. Determine the novelty of your research, i.e. what new knowledge you should get as a result of the research
5. Determine the object of your research.
6. Determine the subject of research.
7. Derive the hypothesis to prove which the research is directed.
8. Determine the purpose of the study - this is the planned result of your activity. There can only be one goal.
9. To achieve the goal, define the objectives, i.e. the steps that need to be taken to achieve the goal. Tasks can be 3-5.
10. Study the literature on this issue, determine what is known about your research, which scientists have worked on this topic, what is the result of their research. Here you can specify the authors of those scientific papers, books that you plan to use.
11. Define research methods. Conduct research by solving the assigned tasks.
12. If necessary, adjust the research topic by formulating it in its final form.
13. Prepare the paper in accordance with the requirements for the design of research papers.
14. Make a computer presentation for the project.
15. Compose the text of the report for the speech.
16. Rehearse before the performance scientific and practical conference preparing for the controversy.

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Research project as a means of achieving the results of the GEF in biology

The student research project is academic work in a certain field of science, i.e. organization of the student's activity in mastering educational competencies, facilitating the process of cognition for the development of theoretical thinking, a dialectical worldview. The purpose of the design and research activities of students is: to learn how to conduct scientific research itself and gain new knowledge for themselves, creatively transforming the object of knowledge, as well asto form research skills for the development of the personality, its self-determination and self-realization. The inclusion of schoolchildren in project activities teaches them to think, predict, and forms self-esteem. Project activity has all the advantages joint activities, in the process of its implementation, students acquire a rich experience of joint activities with peers, with adults. In the project activity of schoolchildren, the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities occurs at each stage of work on the project. Moreover, the main goal of educational activity appears to schoolchildren in an indirect form. And the need to achieve it is assimilated by schoolchildren gradually, taking on the character of an independently found and accepted goal. The student acquires and assimilates new knowledge not by itself, but to achieve the goals of each stage of the project activity. Therefore, the process of assimilation of knowledge takes place without pressure from above and acquires personal significance. In addition, project activities are interdisciplinary. It allows you to use knowledge in various combinations, blurring the boundaries between school disciplines bringing together the application of school knowledge with real life situations.

When using the project method, there are two results. The first is the pedagogical effect of including students in the "acquisition of knowledge" and its logical application. If the goals of the project are achieved, then we can say that a qualitatively new result has been obtained, which is expressed in the development of the cognitive abilities of the student, his independence in educational and cognitive activities. The second result is the completed project itself. Project based learning creates positive motivation for self-education. This is perhaps his most forte. The search for the necessary materials and components requires systematic work with reference literature. In carrying out the project, as observations show, more than 70% of students turn to textbooks and other educational and methodological literature. Thus, the inclusion of project activities in the educational processcontributes to the development of the student's competence in problem solving and communication. This type of work fits well into the educational process, carried out in the form of a workshop, and is effective if all stages of project activity are observed, which necessarily include a presentation.

In the process of schoolchildren's work on a research project in biology, the following GEF results can be achieved:

a) personal results: the readiness and ability of students for self-development and personal determination, the formation of their motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity, a system of significant social and interpersonal relationships, value-semantic attitudes that reflect personal and civic positions in activity, legal awareness, environmental culture, the ability to set goals and build life plans, the ability to understand the Russian civil identity in a multicultural society.

b) metasubject results: interdisciplinary concepts mastered by students and universal educational actions (regulatory, cognitive, communicative), the ability to use them in cognitive and social practice, independence in planning and implementing educational activities and organizing educational cooperation with teachers and peers, the ability to build an individual educational trajectory, mastering the skills of teaching and research, project and social activities.

Project technology is understood as a way to achieve the goal through a detailed development of the problem, which should end with a practical result, designed in one way or another. It is based on the pragmatic focus of the project on the result obtained in solving the problem. This result can be seen, comprehended, applied in real practice. To achieve this result, it is necessary to teach children to think independently. Find and solve problems, drawing for this purpose knowledge from different fields of knowledge, the ability to predict results and possible consequences different options decisions, the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

The project is always focused on the independent activity of students - individual, pair, group, which students perform for a certain period of time.

If we talk about working on a project as a pedagogical technology, then this technology includes a set of research, search, problem methods, creative in its very essence. The project is, first of all, a goal accepted, realized by children, relevant to them. The project is a children's amateur performance, a specific practical creative work, a gradual movement towards the goal. The project is a method of pedagogically organized development of the environment by the child.

The projects are based on the development of cognitive and research skills of students, the ability to independently construct their knowledge and navigate in the information space, the project contributes to the actualization of the child's knowledge, skills, and their practical application. Students with an exploratory need like to solve problems different types trying to figure out the correct answer on their own. "Knowledge accumulators" are more inclined to memorize factual material, they often find a sequence and system in its storage. These indicators should be used by the teacher when coordinating group project activities.

If a student acquires the above skills and abilities, he turns out to be more adapted to life, able to adapt to changing conditions, navigate in various situations, work in various teams, and this is the main task of the second generation of the Federal State Educational Standard.

Research topic - main part scientific work of a student, from the topic it should be clear what the work is devoted to, what it is about. The topic is formulated in the form of one nominal sentence. The topic should reflect the object and subject of research. The number of words is from 5 to 12. For example: The influence of the environment on the morphological features of the common clover.

The student's research project consists of the following parts:

1. Introduction. The introduction reveals the methodological characteristics of the study: relevance, problem, object and subject of research, topic, goal, tasks, hypothesis, methods, novelty, theoretical foundations. The methodological characteristics of the study are a kind of compass and map that allow the researcher not to seek the truth by trial and error, but guide him the shortest way. In terms of volume, this part of the project takes 1–2 pages.

2. The main part.

Here is the main content of the project. The structure of the main part may be different. The main part of the student's research project is composed of tasks. All tasks should be reflected in the main part of the project. You can go the other way: break the main part into theoretical and practical, or experimental. In the theoretical part, an analysis of the literature on the topic (problem) of the study is given, and in the practical

description and results of observations, experiments, experiments,

surveys, etc. Each part ends with a conclusion. It is important to remember the rule: all tasks defined in the methodological characteristics should be reflected in the main part. At the end of the main part, conclusions or a conclusion should be formulated. The main thing is that the conclusions are formulated by the author independently and do not repeat briefly the content of the main part. For correct spelling The conclusion is necessary to see what was the purpose of the project. Based on the goal, conclusions are formulated. In terms of volume, conclusions can be different: from one sentence to a page. To correctly formulate conclusions, it is necessary to understand the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. According to A.A. Ivin, a conclusion is a logical operation, as a result of which one or more accepted statements (premisses) result in a new statement - a conclusion (conclusion, consequence). Depending on whether there is a logical connection between the premises and the conclusion, two types of inferences can be distinguished. In deductive reasoning

this connection is based on a logical rule, whereby the conclusion follows with logical necessity from the premises accepted. Distinctive feature such an inference is that it always leads from true premises to a true conclusion. In inductive reasoning, the connection between premises and conclusions is not based on the rule of logic, but on some factual or psychological grounds that are not purely formal. Such

the conclusion does not follow logically from the premises and may contain

information that is missing from them. The authenticity of the parcels does not mean

therefore, the certainty of the assertion inductively derived from them. Induction gives only probable, or plausible, conclusions that require further verification. In the text of the research project, the phrase "Main part" is not written. After the "Introduction" from a new page, you need to write the topic of the study - this will mean the beginning of the main part.

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, we summarize the overall results of the entire work.

An approximate plan for the content of this part of the project can be in the form of answers to the following questions:

1. What topic, problem was the study devoted to?

2. What were the purpose and objectives of the study? Have they been completed? The study is then considered completed when all tasks are solved and the goal is achieved.

3. What new knowledge was gained? (What new did you learn? What did you learn?)

4. What are the prospects for further research?

In terms of volume, the "Conclusion" is approximately 1-2 pages.

4. Bibliography

This is an essential part of the study. When working on a project

you can use school textbooks, scientific publications (books, magazines, newspapers), websites of scientific institutions. It is possible to use scientific sources of information in foreign languages.

5. Application This part of the project is optional. If there are no applications, this does not reduce the quality of the study. However, if we want to teach schoolchildren research work in full, it is better to advise them to make 1-2 applications. The following materials can be placed in the application (they should not be in the rest of the text of the project!): dictionary, drawings, photographs, geographic Maps, large tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, questionnaires, etc.) If a survey was conducted, it is advisable to save and attach all the answers of the respondents. Data obtained from a survey of at least 100 people are considered objective.

If we consider the content of the research project page by page (tentatively), then the following components can be distinguished here:

1. Title page (p. 1).

3. Introduction or Methodological characteristics of the study (pp. 3–4).

4. Main part (pp. 5–25).

5. Conclusion (p. 26).

6. Bibliography (p. 27).

7. Applications (pp. 28–29).

Methodological characteristics of research usually begin on the third page of the research project, after the content. You can title this section "Introduction" or "Methodological characteristics of the study." This section should reflect the following parameters of scientific work: relevance, the problem the research is aimed at, the object and subject of research, topic, hypothesis, goal, tasks, methods, novelty, theoretical foundations. Each characteristic does not exist on its own. All of them are interconnected, complement and correct each other. The sequence of presentation of methodological characteristics may be different, but it is desirable to adhere to the following plan.

1. Relevance.

In order to substantiate the relevance of the chosen topic, the researcher needs to answer the question: why this topic it is necessary to develop right now / why does this problem need to be solved today? Relevance can be reflected in the research topic. To justify the relevance, students are invited to answer the following written task, which consists of several stages.

1. Write the topic of your research.

2. Why is it necessary to conduct research in this direction?

3. Why do you need to do research on this topic?

4. If necessary, make adjustments to the wording of the topic of your

research.

2. Problem.

A problem in science is a “blank spot on its map”, a designation of what

what science does not yet know. Formulating the problem, the researcher answers

to the question: “What specifically needs to be studied from what has not been studied before?”. Knowing about ignorance is the essence of the problem. The problem can be formulated as a question.

3. Object.

The object of research can be a real-life organism, a phenomenon, some object, etc. In the science of biology, the object of study is life, in physics - nature, in geography - the planet Earth, in chemistry - substances. Defining the object of study, one should answer the question: what exactly is being studied? The object of research must be indicated in the subject.

4. Subject.

The object of research is infinite in cognition. The definition of the concept of “subject of study” is the aspect in which the object will be studied, or the position from which the object will be studied. There can only be one research subject per study. The object and subject of research should be reflected in the topic.

5. Subject.

The research topic is the beginning of the schoolchildren's scientific work, because it integrates all methodological characteristics. The research topic is written on the title page and in the methodological characteristics after the relevance and problem. From the topic it should be clear what the work is about, what it is about. The topic should reflect the object and subject of research.

6. Hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a scientific assumption based on a number of facts that needs to be proven. A hypothesis can be represented by a sequence of certain statements in which each subsequent element follows from the previous one.

7. Purpose.

In general terms, a goal is a planned result of an activity. The purpose of any scientific research, in fact, is to prove a hypothesis. The purpose of the research work is its final result, the answer to the question: “What does the researcher want to get as a result of his work?”.

8. Tasks.

Research objectives are the “steps” that need to be taken to achieve the goal. AT school research There should not be many tasks, 3–5 tasks. According to the tasks, it will be easy for the student to draw up and write a plan for the main part of the research project. Tasks should be related to the specific content of the work.

9. Methods.

Research methods are related to the means by which the research will be conducted. There are several classifications of methods: theoretical,

(analysis, explanation) and empirical (experience, observation); general scientific (, description, comparison) and private (light microscopy method), etc. Methods used in biological research projects: observation, description, explanation, testing, experience, experiment, questioning, interviewing, monitoring.

10. Novelty.

Novelty is the main and most important methodological characteristic. After all, it is precisely to obtain something new that they are held scientific work. The entire course of research and all its methodological characteristics are subject to the need to obtain new knowledge. If there is no novelty in a research project, then there is no result of the research. This methodological characteristic of research - novelty involves the definition of the new knowledge that the researcher will receive as a result of scientific work.

11. Theoretical foundations of the study.

No scientific research starts from scratch. In science, you can always find works that have served as the beginning or impetus for new research. In some papers, the problem you are going to work on has been named. Therefore, it is necessary to indicate the names of those scientists who are associated with your work.

In one research project, only one problem can be solved and therefore only one goal is set. In general terms, a goal is a planned result of an activity. The purpose of any scientific research, in fact, is to prove a hypothesis. The purpose of the research work is its final result, the answer to the question: “What does the researcher want to get as a result of his work?”. To formulate the goal of the research activity of schoolchildren, the following hint words can be used: develop a plan for observing ..., describe, compare, classify, explain, establish a relationship, compose ...; define... One research can be aimed at achieving only one goal.

An example of a correctly formulated conclusion to a research project in biology. Theme of the project: "Influence of the environment on the morphological features of the common clover".

Based on the information received, the studied literary sources, it became clear to us:

1. Normal clover should contain three leaf blades.

2. A greater or lesser content of leaf blades in a plant is not the norm, but is a deviation, an anomaly.

3. Anomalies, i.e. plants with more or less leaf blades appear along the road and railway, where one can naturally assume air pollution by exhaust gases from transport.

4. After a comparative analysis, we can conclude that the change in the morphological features of common clover goes in the direction of reducing the number of leaf blades. (more individuals were found with one and two leaf blades than with four or five)

5. On the territory, which can be considered relatively clean, i.e. city ​​park and school grounds, plants with the anomaly were found much less than in contaminated areas, which allows us to assume that it is environmental pollution that has a negative impact on the change in the morphological characteristics of common clover.

Exemplary bibliographic list when conducting research in biology:

1. Human valeology. Health - Love - Beauty. In 5 volumes. T.2. Ecological valeology and Nutrition. St. Petersburg: ed. "Petrogradsky and Co"; Mn.: LLC "Orakul", 1996. - 360s.: illustrations, bibl.

1. Are available junior schoolchildren research work? // Primary education.-2009. - N 2. - S. 10-17. - ISSN 1998-0728.

1. Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G. Ecology of Russia. Textbook from the Federal set for 9-11 grades of a comprehensive school. 2nd edition, revised. And additional .- M .: AO MDS, 1996.- 272s. From ill.
2. The development of research activities of students: a methodological collection / M: National education 2001 271 p.
3. Teremov, A. V. Student projects on urban ecology as a form of interdisciplinary integration / A. V. Teremov // Biology at school. - 2007. - N 7. - Zhurn. in the magazine "Ecology teacher" - S. 13-16. - ISSN 0320-9660.
4. School environmental monitoring: Educational and methodological manual / ed. T.Ya. Ashikhmina.-M.: Agar, 2000.386 p.
5. http://www.edu.cap.ru/?eduid=7236&hry=./67400/68829/68840&t=hry

According to Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language (M.: Reader's Digest, 2004), quotation (from Latin Citare - to name) - a verbatim excerpt from any text. Citations are often used in the body of a research project, especially in a literature review. You need to know: if other people's thoughts are used, the author must be indicated. This must be done, even when retelling someone's work in your own words. What belongs to someone else must be quoted and the author must be indicated. There is no need to worry that there are a lot of citations in the text of the project - there is nothing wrong with that. After all, we get new knowledge from the analysis of the existing one. You should also understand the essence of such concepts as plagiarism and compilation. Compilation (from Latin compilatio - robbery) - compiling essays based on other people's research or other people's works without independent processing of sources. Plagiarism (from Latin plagio - I steal) is the deliberate appropriation of authorship for someone else's work of literature, science, art, invention or rationalization proposal (in whole or in part). Therefore, in order to avoid compiling or plagiarism, it is necessary to format citations correctly. With a full quotation, the text is completely rewritten, exactly as the author's, and enclosed in quotation marks. The number of the source in the "Bibliography" section and the page number in this source are indicated in square brackets.

When compiling the text of the speech, it must be remembered that the report

should be bright, clear, illustrated. The speaker has the right to read his report, but it is better if he talks, sometimes looking into the text. The speaker is obliged to comply with the rules. Usually 5 minutes are given for the introduction and a few minutes for questions to the speaker. The text of the report must include

1. Address to the audience (for example, "Dear members of the jury and participants of the conference!").

2. Information about the research topic (“I present to your attention the research project “….””).

3. Information about the relevance, problem, purpose, hypothesis of the study.

4. Summary the course of the study, its most striking moments, the most interesting in the project.

6. Prospects for further research.

7. Ending the speech (“Thank you for your attention” or “Thank you

for your attention"). In public defense, it is not customary for the author to ask himself questions, for example: “I have everything, what questions will I have?”.

The facilitator of the event invites you to ask questions.

It is desirable that the presentation be accompanied by a computer presentation, which the author of the project independently compiled and independently demonstrates at the defense.

Reminder for working on a research project:

1. First, determine the topic of your research.
2. To determine relevance, answer the question why it is necessary to conduct research on this topic. If necessary, make adjustments to the wording of your research topic.
3. To determine the problem to be solved by the research, formulate and write down the question, the answer to which will be the content of the research work. If necessary, adjust the topic and relevance of your work.
4. Determine the novelty of your research, i.e. what new knowledge you should get as a result of the research
5. Determine the object of your research.
6. Determine the subject of research.
7. Derive the hypothesis to prove which the research is directed.
8. Determine the purpose of the study - this is the planned result of your activity. There can only be one goal.
9. To achieve the goal, define the objectives, i.e. the steps that need to be taken to achieve the goal. Tasks can be 3-5.
10. Study the literature on this issue, determine what is known about your research, which scientists have worked on this topic, what is the result of their research. Here you can indicate the authors of those scientific works, books that you plan to use.
11. Define research methods. Conduct research by solving the assigned tasks.
12. If necessary, adjust the research topic by formulating it in its final form.
13. Prepare the paper in accordance with the requirements for the design of research papers.
14. Make a computer presentation for the project.
15. Compose the text of the report for the speech.
16. Rehearse before speaking at a scientific and practical conference, preparing for the controversy.

Research project on the topic: "Mathematics of Health" the project was prepared by: 7th grade student "A" Osipova Natalia Supervisor: Romanova A.V. - Mathematics teacher Krasnodar Territory Municipality Armavir City Municipal Autonomous General Education institution - medium secondary school 11 named after Vladimir Vladimirovich Rassokhin

Purpose of the work: promotion of a healthy lifestyle among adolescents in mathematics lessons. Objectives: to educate students in matters of maintaining health, to show the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. systematize knowledge about percentages, consider different types tasks using percentages on the topic of the project. Project implementation methods: collecting and analyzing information, compiling a questionnaire, research, creating a booklet and presentation on the topic, demonstrating a presentation.

Stages of work: 1. Determining the level of interest of adolescents in maintaining their health; 2. Statement of a problematic issue; 3. Compilation and analysis of diagrams (based on the results of the survey); 4. Problem solving; 5. Creation and distribution of a booklet about healthy way life.

results medical examinations they say that only 20-30% of first-graders can be considered healthy, among school graduates more than 80% have certain deviations in their health status. To date, every fifth schoolchild has a chronic disease, and after all, our health makes up the "Health of the Nation".

Stage 1: Questioning 1. What do you prefer to do in your free time? 2. What is the most important thing in life for you personally? 3. What is, in your opinion, a healthy lifestyle? 4. Why should you lead a healthy lifestyle? 5. What do you mean by "health"? 6. What do you do to strengthen own health?

P/n ABCDE 1 15%39%24%9%6%- 2 39%33%36%21%9%- 3 42%36%48%12% %12%24%39%21% 5 36%30 %36%15%27%- 6 33%14%9%21%12%- General data

History reference. The word "percent" is of Latin origin: "pro centum", which means "one hundred" in translation, that is, a hundredth of a number is called a percent. 1/100 = 1% History of the sign 1-opinion In 1685, the book "Guide to commercial arithmetic" by Mathieu de la Porte was published in Paris. In one place, it was about percentages, which then meant "cto" (short for cento). However, the typesetter mistook that "cto" for a fraction and typed "%". So because of a typo, this sign came into use. 2. Another opinion The % sign comes from the Italian word cento (one hundred), which is often abbreviated as cto in percentage calculations. From here, by further simplifications in cursive, the letter t turned into a bar (/), a modern symbol for percent arose. cto - c/o - %

Basic tasks for percentages Finding a percentage of a number To find the percentage of a number, you need to multiply this number by the corresponding fraction. b= a p/100 Finding a number by its percentage To find a number by its percentage, you need to divide the part corresponding to this percentage by a fraction a= b: p/100 Finding the percentage of two numbers To find out how many percent one number is from second, you need to divide the first number by the second and multiply the result by 100%. p = b/a 100%

The human body The human body consists of more than cells, 60% of water. It is unevenly distributed: for example, only 20% of water in fatty tissues, 25% in bones, 70% in liver, 75% in muscles, 80% in blood and 85% of water in the brain of the total weight. When looking at these figures, a seeming paradox strikes - in liquid blood less water than in a fairly dense brain. The remaining 40% of the human body weight is distributed as follows: proteins - 19%, fats and fat-like substances - 15%, minerals - 5%), carbohydrates - 1%. Isn't it true, is interest in us?

Task 1. The average life expectancy of a woman is 75 years, and the life expectancy of men is 80% of the life expectancy of women. How many years, on average, do women live in Russia than men? Problem 2. 60% of the number x is equal to 50% of the number 9.6. Find this number x and find out what is the daily need of the body for iron in milligrams. Task 3. From a position healthy eating a 12-year-old student should eat 0.4 kg of vegetables per day, excluding potatoes. It is known that the hamster collects about 90 kg of peas for the winter. Who eats vegetables more and how many times: a person in a year or a hamster in a winter? Problem 5. The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 32.5. One of the numbers is 15. Find another number. The number you found will tell you how much vitamin C in milligrams a person should receive daily. Task 6. The average person spends 1/3 of his life in a dream, he is awake for another 50 years. What is the average life expectancy of a person?

Harm of smoking. Currently, a very interesting trend is emerging: despite various warnings and anti-advertising of tobacco, the number of teenagers smoking has increased. Every year more and more teenagers and even children ruin their health in tobacco smoke. Recent studies claim that people start smoking already in summer, and the first experience of “sampling” cigarettes even earlier - up to seven years. In general, in Russia today 65% ​​of men and more than 30% of women smoke. Moreover, 80% of these smokers were “infected” with a bad habit when they were teenagers. By latest information World Organization Health, more than 3 million teenagers smoke in Russia: 2.5 million boys and 0.5 million girls.

Task 1. In Russia, middle-aged men die every year. 42% of them die due to smoking-related diseases. How many people could continue to live if they stopped smoking in a timely manner? Task 2. Statistics show that 60% of teenagers who smoke are boys and 10% are girls. Determine how many children smoke in the school if there are 450 boys and 620 girls. Task 3. When checking the health status of a group of school students of 20 people with a smoking experience of 3-5 years, it was found that 70% of them have 2 diseases each - respiratory and digestive. The rest - 1 disease. Determine how many students in this group have 2 diseases each and how many have one? Target 4: Children who smoke shorten their lives by 15%. What is the life expectancy of (presumably) current children who smoke if the average life expectancy in Russia is 56 years (47.6 years)? Task 5. The average weight of a newborn child is 3kg 300g. If the child's father smokes, then his weight will be less than the average by 125g, if the mother smokes - less by 300g. Determine how much % the newborn loses in weight if: a) dad smokes; b) Mom smokes. Round your answer to the nearest one. Task 6. The annual increase in smokers in Russia is 3%. In 2005, out of 100 men, 65 smoked, and out of 100 women, 30. Based on the information received, determine the number of smokers at the end of 2012. (Answer rounded to the nearest whole number) (men and women separately).

Healthy sleep. Healthy food. Good sleep is an important source of strength for a growing organism. Due to age-related changes in the body, we teenagers need about 9 hours of sleep per night, but in reality they sleep on average only 7.5 hours. According to research, children who do not get enough sleep are twice as likely to start smoking, using alcohol and drugs than their adherent peers. In addition, teenagers who go to bed after 12 at night are more prone to depression and even suicidal ideation. Modern teenagers take sleep completely lightly, considering it a senseless waste of time that should be avoided if possible. School is a difficult long-term test. And first of all, we need health, which is impossible without a healthy diet. Among the essential products are milk, fruits, vegetables, white bread, legumes, meat. But the content of sugar, salt and fat in the prepared dishes should not be high. Mandatory four meals a day. Lunch should account for 35-40% of the food consumed, breakfast and dinner - 25% each, and afternoon tea - 15%. For example, a seventh grader should receive about 2500kK daily. If more is taken into the body, the body stores the excess as fat.

Task 1. For a normal rest of the body of a teenager, it is necessary to sleep 35% of the day, but in reality a teenager (on average) sleeps - 31%. How much time (in hours) does a teenager "do not get enough sleep" per day? in Week? per month? Task 2. The average daily intake of proteins is 70 g. 100 g of boiled meat contains 20% of proteins. A piece of meat of what weight contains the daily norm of proteins? Task 3. The daily intake of carbohydrates is 280 grams. A patty contains, on average, 11% of the daily carbohydrate intake. What is the largest whole number of pies you can eat without exceeding your daily carbohydrate intake? Task 4. The daily intake of vitamin C is 70 mg. 100g of garden strawberries contain on average 60 mg of vitamin C. What percentage of the daily value of vitamin C did a person eat 100g of garden strawberries get? Task 5. The average daily protein intake is 70 grams. One glass of milkshake contains on average 11 grams of protein, approximately what percentage of the daily protein intake will a person get by drinking a glass of milkshake?

Conclusion The topic "interest" is very interesting and entertaining, and the understanding of interest and the ability to make percentage calculations is now necessary for every person. And answering my own question, I can say with confidence that the tasks related to human health in the state final certification- there are quite a few of them... With my research work, I wanted to show that even by solving problems you can learn a lot about the right way of life. That not only in class hours and biology lessons we can talk about a healthy lifestyle, but also in such lessons as mathematics. I believe that we, the younger generation, should do everything necessary to improve the health of the Nation.

Resources used ipt-numbers-can-bite/ ipt-numbers-can-bite/ podrostkov.php E. A. Semenko Almanac "From the experience of teachers in the Krasnodar region (mathematics grades 5-7)" Issue 2- Krasnodar: KKIDPPO, 2011 . Yu.A. Glazkov, M.Ya. Gaiashvili 2010. GIA, Algebra, grade 9, Thematic test tasks Shumarin V. A.